In today’s rapidly evolving healthcare environment, pain management billing stands as a critical element of financial success for pain management practices. Providers face challenges from complex coding systems and ever-changing regulations, while also navigating multifaceted payer guidelines. This comprehensive guide explores in-depth best practices for pain management billing, discusses common challenges, and offers actionable strategies to overcome these obstacles. It is designed to assist healthcare providers, billing specialists, and administrators in optimizing their billing processes, ensuring compliance, and enhancing overall revenue cycle management.

I. Introduction to Pain Management Billing
Effective pain management billing is essential for practices specializing in the treatment of acute and chronic pain. With increasing regulatory scrutiny, rapidly evolving payer policies, and the critical need for accurate documentation, the billing process can have a significant impact on a practice’s financial stability and reputation.
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Accurate billing ensures:

• Smooth Cash Flow: Properly coded and documented claims translate to faster reimbursements.
• Regulatory Compliance: Adherence to updated guidelines minimizes the risk of audits and penalties.
• Enhanced Operational Efficiency: Streamlined processes reduce administrative overhead and improve staff productivity.

The purpose of this article is to provide a detailed roadmap that outlines the best practices in pain management billing. It covers the entire billing process—from patient registration to claim follow-up—and discusses strategies for maintaining compliance and reducing errors. Whether you are a billing professional, healthcare administrator, or clinician, the insights provided here aim to optimize your billing process and ensure long-term success.

II. Understanding Pain Management Billing

A. The Importance of Specialized Billing in Pain Management
Pain management billing differs from general medical billing due to the complexity and variety of procedures involved. Unlike other specialties, pain management often requires multiple interventional procedures, extensive diagnostic workups, and a multidisciplinary approach. This section explains the key characteristics that set pain management billing apart:

1. Specialized Procedures:
   • Pain management services can range from minimally invasive nerve blocks and epidural steroid injections to complex interventions like radiofrequency ablations and spinal cord stimulation.
   • Each procedure requires specific Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes that must be accurately applied to ensure appropriate reimbursement.
2. Detailed Documentation Needs:
   • Comprehensive documentation is the backbone of successful pain management billing. Providers must record patient histories, clinical findings, procedural details, and follow-up care to justify the billing codes.
   • Detailed records help support the medical necessity of treatments and can protect practices during audits.
3. Regulatory and Payer Challenges:
   • Due to heightened scrutiny—particularly in light of the opioid crisis—billing practices in pain management are closely monitored by both regulatory bodies and payers.
   • Staying abreast of evolving payer policies and regulatory updates is essential for maintaining compliance and avoiding claim denials.

B. The Pain Management Billing Process
The pain management billing process involves several critical steps that must be meticulously executed to avoid errors and maximize revenue. The key stages include:

1. Patient Registration and Insurance Verification:
   • Accurate patient data capture at registration is vital. Collecting comprehensive patient information and verifying insurance coverage from the outset helps avoid future claim denials.
   • Ensuring that insurance details are correct and up-to-date sets a strong foundation for the entire billing process.
2. Clinical Documentation:
   • Detailed documentation of each patient encounter forms the basis of pain management billing. Clinicians must record all relevant patient data, including history, diagnostic findings, procedures performed, and any follow-up recommendations.
   • Real-time documentation reduces the risk of missing critical information and supports accurate coding.
3. Coding:
   • Pain management billing relies on the accurate use of CPT, ICD-10, and sometimes HCPCS codes.
   • Each procedure or service must be matched with the correct code, reflecting the complexity and specificity of the treatment provided.
   • Errors in coding can lead to claim denials or underpayment, making precise coding a priority.
4. Claim Submission:
   • Once the documentation and coding are complete, claims are submitted electronically to insurance companies.
   • Each payer has specific submission guidelines; adherence to these guidelines is critical to avoid delays or rejections.
   • Automated billing systems can help ensure that claims are formatted correctly and submitted on time.
5. Follow-Up and Denial Management:
   • Post-submission, it is essential to monitor claims for any denials or rejections.
   • A systematic follow-up process should be in place to address issues promptly, whether by resubmitting corrected claims or appealing denials.
   • Denial management is a continuous process that feeds back into improving the overall pain management billing process.

III. Key Components of Effective Pain Management Billing
To achieve a high level of efficiency and accuracy in pain management billing, several key components must be integrated into your billing process.

A. Accurate Coding Systems1. CPT Codes

• Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes are used to describe the procedures and services provided during a patient encounter.
• In pain management, specific CPT codes cover a wide range of services—from diagnostic procedures to interventional treatments.
• Ensuring that the correct CPT code is applied is fundamental to successful pain management billing.

2. ICD-10 Codes

• ICD-10 codes capture the patient’s diagnosis and are crucial for demonstrating the medical necessity of the pain management services rendered.
• The specificity of ICD-10 allows for detailed descriptions of pain-related conditions, ensuring that billing is supported by clinical documentation.

3. HCPCS Codes

• In some cases, the Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS) codes are used, particularly for ancillary services or specialized devices.
• These codes further enhance the precision of pain management billing by covering items not classified under CPT codes.

B. Comprehensive Documentation Practices

1. Detailed Patient Histories

• A complete patient history is essential for pain management billing. It provides the context needed to justify the use of specific billing codes.
• Documentation should include past treatments, responses to therapy, and any relevant diagnostic tests.

2. Procedure-Specific Documentation

• Each pain management procedure must be documented in detail. This includes the method used, the anatomical site treated, and any complications or special circumstances.
• Clear documentation of the procedure supports the chosen CPT code and helps mitigate the risk of claim denials.

3. Follow-Up and Aftercare

• Documentation does not end with the procedure. Follow-up notes, aftercare instructions, and subsequent evaluations must be recorded.
• This ongoing documentation supports future billing cycles and reinforces the continuity of care.

C. Adherence to Payer Guidelines

1. Payer-Specific Requirements

• Insurance companies often have unique requirements for pain management billing. It is crucial to understand these nuances to ensure claims are not rejected.
• Regular updates and training on payer-specific guidelines are necessary to maintain compliance.

2. Pre-Authorization Processes

• Many pain management procedures require pre-authorization before they are performed.
• Ensuring that all necessary approvals are obtained in advance is a key element in successful pain management billing.

3. Reimbursement Models

• Different insurance companies may use various reimbursement models (fee-for-service, bundled payments, capitation).
• Tailoring your billing approach to match the specific model used by the payer can significantly improve reimbursement outcomes.

D. Technology and Software Integration

1. Advanced Billing Software

• Investing in state-of-the-art billing software is critical for modern pain management billing.
• Automated tools can help with coding accuracy, reduce manual data entry, and flag potential errors before submission.

2. Integration with EHR Systems

• Seamless integration between your Electronic Health Record (EHR) system and billing software ensures that documentation flows smoothly into the billing process.
• This integration reduces the risk of transcription errors and ensures consistency in patient data across systems.

3. Real-Time Analytics

• Utilizing real-time analytics tools allows practices to monitor billing performance continuously.
• Analytics can identify trends, track key performance metrics, and provide actionable insights to optimize pain management billing.

E. Denial Management and Continuous Improvement

1. Establishing Protocols for Denial Management

• Creating a standardized process for managing denials is crucial.
• Protocols should include steps for reviewing denied claims, identifying the root cause, and resubmitting appeals promptly.

2. Data-Driven Improvement

• Regular audits and performance reviews help identify common issues in pain management billing.
• Using data to drive process improvements can lead to a reduction in denials and improved reimbursement rates.

3. Staff Training and Feedback Loops

• Continuous education and feedback are essential components of an effective denial management strategy.
• Regular training sessions should be held to update staff on changes in guidelines, new technologies, and best practices in pain management billing.

IV. Best Practices for Pain Management Billing

Here, we expand on the best practices in pain management billing—practices that have proven effective in enhancing revenue cycle management, ensuring compliance, and reducing claim denials.

A. Ensure Accurate and Comprehensive Documentation
Accurate documentation is the cornerstone of effective pain management billing. Best practices include:

1. Adopt Standardized Templates:
   • Develop templates tailored to pain management encounters to ensure consistency.
   • Templates should include fields for detailed patient history, specific procedural notes, follow-up care, and any pre-authorization documentation.
   • Consistent use of these templates across the practice minimizes variations and errors.
2. Implement Real-Time Documentation:
   • Encourage clinicians to document patient encounters in real time.
   • Real-time documentation reduces errors and ensures that all details are captured accurately.
   • Mobile or voice-enabled EHR systems can facilitate immediate documentation, even during busy clinical workflows.
3. Regular Documentation Audits:
   • Conduct periodic audits to review documentation quality.
   • Identify areas where documentation may be lacking or inconsistent.
   • Use audit findings to provide targeted feedback and training to clinical staff, continuously improving the documentation process.
4. Utilize Checklists and Protocols:
   • Create checklists for each pain management procedure to ensure all necessary details are captured.
   • Protocols can serve as a guide for clinicians, helping them remember key components to document during each patient encounter.
   • These tools contribute to more robust pain management billing documentation and can reduce the frequency of claim denials.

B. Invest in Specialized Billing Software and Automation
Advanced billing software is an indispensable tool for modern pain management billing. Best practices in this area include:

1. Automated Coding Assistance:
   • Utilize billing software that integrates automated coding suggestions based on clinical documentation.
   • Automation reduces the likelihood of human error and ensures that the most appropriate codes are applied.
   • Regularly update the software to incorporate the latest coding guidelines and payer policies.
2. Integration with Electronic Health Records (EHR):
   • Ensure seamless data transfer between your EHR and billing system.
   • Integration minimizes manual entry errors and maintains consistency in patient data.
   • A unified system improves efficiency and allows staff to access comprehensive patient information during the billing process.
3. Real-Time Analytics and Reporting:
   • Implement tools that provide real-time insights into claim status, denial rates, and reimbursement timelines.
   • Use these analytics to identify bottlenecks and areas for improvement.
   • Data-driven insights can help tailor training programs and adjust internal processes to enhance pain management billing performance.
4. Regular Software Training:
   • Provide continuous training for billing staff on how to use the latest software features effectively.
   • Familiarity with the technology ensures that the system’s full capabilities are utilized, leading to fewer errors and faster claim turnaround.

C. Continuous Staff Training and Education
Investing in your staff’s education is crucial for maintaining excellence in pain management billing.

1. Ongoing Training Programs:
   • Schedule regular training sessions to cover updates in coding guidelines, regulatory changes, and new billing technologies.
   • Include case studies and real-world scenarios specific to pain management to enhance understanding.
   • Ensure that both clinical and billing staff receive tailored training so that they can work together more effectively.
2. Cross-Departmental Workshops:
   • Encourage collaboration between clinical and billing teams by hosting interdisciplinary workshops.
   • Discuss common challenges, share best practices, and establish clear communication protocols.
   • Improved collaboration leads to better documentation and fewer billing errors.
3. Access to External Resources:
   • Leverage webinars, online courses, and conferences dedicated to pain management billing.
   • Membership in professional organizations can provide access to the latest industry insights and regulatory updates.
   • External training ensures that staff remains current with industry trends and innovative practices.
4. Mentorship and Peer Review:
   • Develop a mentorship program where experienced billing professionals can guide newer team members.
   • Regular peer reviews of billing and documentation practices can highlight best practices and identify areas for improvement.
   • Mentorship programs foster a culture of continuous learning and accountability.

D. Develop a Robust Denial Management Strategy
A systematic approach to handling denials is essential for efficient pain management billing.

1. Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs):
   • Create clear, step-by-step protocols for managing denied claims.
   • SOPs should outline how to analyze the reasons for denial, correct errors, and re-submit claims.
   • Having a standardized process reduces turnaround time and ensures consistent handling of all denials.
2. Regular Denial Audits:
   • Conduct regular reviews of denied claims to identify common issues and trends.
   • Use audit data to inform changes in documentation practices, coding strategies, and staff training.
   • Continuous monitoring and feedback loops are vital for reducing future denials.
3. Efficient Communication with Payers:
   • Establish direct lines of communication with insurance companies.
   • Develop relationships with payer representatives to quickly resolve disputes or clarify documentation requirements.
   • Proactive communication can prevent small issues from escalating and ensure smoother claim processing.
4. Data-Driven Adjustments:
   • Utilize analytics to identify high-frequency denial reasons.
   • Implement targeted interventions to address these areas, such as additional training or process modifications.
   • Regular performance reviews help maintain an optimal denial management process.

E. Leverage Data Analytics for Continuous Improvement
Data analytics plays a critical role in refining pain management billing processes.

1. Performance Metrics and Benchmarking:
   • Track key performance indicators (KPIs) such as denial rates, reimbursement timelines, and coding accuracy.
   • Benchmark these metrics against industry standards to identify areas for improvement.
   • Regular reporting can help management make informed decisions about resource allocation and process changes.
2. Predictive Analytics:
   • Use predictive analytics tools to forecast potential issues in the billing cycle.
   • Anticipate trends in denials and reimbursement delays, enabling proactive adjustments.
   • Predictive insights can help guide strategic planning and operational improvements.
3. Custom Reports and Dashboards:
   • Create customized dashboards that provide real-time data on the status of pain management billing.
   • These dashboards allow for quick identification of trends and issues that need immediate attention.
   • Data visualization tools can help communicate performance metrics across the organization, fostering transparency and accountability.
4. Feedback-Driven Process Optimization:
   • Use data insights to launch targeted quality improvement projects.
   • Regularly review analytics data with the billing team and use it to drive continuous improvement initiatives.
   • Continuous process optimization ensures that pain management billing remains efficient, compliant, and aligned with best practices.

V. Common Challenges in Pain Management Billing
Even with the best practices in place, challenges in pain management billing are inevitable. Recognizing these challenges and developing strategies to address them is essential for long-term success.

A. Complexity of Pain Management Procedures and Codes

• Multiple Procedures:
  Pain management patients often receive multiple interventions during a single visit. Each procedure must be coded accurately, and ensuring that all codes are applied correctly is a significant challenge.
• Frequent Coding Updates:
  The coding landscape is dynamic, with frequent updates to CPT and ICD-10 codes. Staying current requires ongoing education and a robust system for incorporating these changes.
• Documentation Discrepancies:
  Variations between clinical documentation and billing codes can lead to claim denials. Detailed and consistent documentation is essential but can be difficult to maintain consistently.

B. Insurance Denials and Rejections

• Inadequate Documentation:
  Insufficient or incomplete documentation is one of the primary causes of claim denials. This is particularly problematic in pain management billing due to the complexity of the procedures.
• Coding Errors:
  Even minor coding errors can result in rejected claims. These errors are often due to the complexities of multiple procedures and evolving guidelines.
• Payer-Specific Policies:
  Different payers may have conflicting requirements, making it challenging to standardize the billing process across all insurance companies.
• Pre-Authorization Failures:
  Many pain management services require pre-authorization. Failure to secure these authorizations in advance leads to delays and denials.

C. Regulatory and Compliance Challenges

• Increased Scrutiny:
  Regulatory agencies are increasingly focused on pain management billing, especially in light of the opioid crisis. This increased scrutiny can result in more frequent audits and a higher risk of penalties.
• Evolving Regulations:
  Federal and state regulations are continuously updated, requiring practices to adapt their billing processes quickly.
• Fraud and Abuse Risks:
  Incorrect billing practices, even if unintentional, can trigger investigations into potential fraud or abuse, leading to legal challenges and reputational damage.

D. Workflow and Integration Issues

• Inconsistent Documentation Practices:
  Variability in how different providers document pain management encounters can lead to inconsistencies that hinder accurate billing.
• Time Constraints:
  Clinicians often have limited time for thorough documentation, which can result in incomplete records that affect pain management billing.
• Technology Integration:
  Integration challenges between EHR systems and billing software can disrupt data flow and lead to errors.
• Resource Limitations:
  Smaller practices may lack dedicated billing teams or the financial capacity to invest in advanced technologies, making it harder to implement best practices.

E. Financial Implications

• Delayed Reimbursements:
  Errors in pain management billing can lead to delayed payments, impacting the overall cash flow of a practice.
• Low Reimbursement Rates:
  Pain management procedures sometimes have lower reimbursement rates compared to other specialties, which puts additional pressure on ensuring every claim is processed efficiently.
• High Administrative Costs:
  The time and resources spent on managing denials, appeals, and rework increase the overall administrative burden.
• Fluctuating Payer Contracts:
  Negotiations with payers can be complex, and changes in contracts can result in unpredictable revenue streams.

VI. Strategies to Overcome Challenges in Pain Management BillingImplementing effective strategies is critical for overcoming the challenges inherent in pain management billing. Here are several actionable strategies:
A. Enhance Training and Education

• Regular Workshops and Seminars:
  Organize in-house training sessions focused on updates in coding, regulatory changes, and payer-specific requirements. Workshops that simulate real-world scenarios help staff better understand the nuances of pain management billing.
• Cross-Department Training:
  Ensure that both clinical and billing teams understand the billing process. Cross-training sessions foster collaboration and minimize misunderstandings.
• Online Courses and Certifications:
  Encourage billing staff to pursue certifications in medical billing and coding, with a focus on pain management. This investment in education can significantly reduce errors.
• Mentoring Programs:
  Implement mentorship initiatives where experienced billing professionals guide less experienced staff. This hands-on approach accelerates learning and improves overall billing accuracy.

B. Invest in Technology and Automation

• Adopt an Integrated EHR-Billing System:
  Choose systems that seamlessly integrate clinical documentation with billing functions. This minimizes manual entry errors and ensures real-time data consistency.
• Leverage Automated Coding Tools:
  Use software solutions that analyze clinical documentation to suggest the correct codes. Automated tools reduce human error and speed up the billing process.
• Implement Predictive Analytics:
  Use data analytics to predict potential claim denials and identify areas needing process improvements. This proactive approach can help in refining pain management billing workflows.
• Continuous Software Updates:
  Regularly update your billing software to reflect the latest coding guidelines and regulatory changes. Keeping technology current is essential for maintaining compliance and efficiency.

C. Strengthen Denial Management Processes

• Develop Clear SOPs:
  Establish Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for managing claim denials. Clear protocols help staff quickly identify, rectify, and resubmit problematic claims.
• Utilize Denial Analytics:
  Regularly review denial trends and adjust documentation and coding practices accordingly. Data from denial analytics can pinpoint systemic issues.
• Engage in Direct Communication:
  Build strong relationships with payer representatives to resolve disputes and clarify unclear documentation requirements.
• Feedback and Continuous Improvement:
  Use feedback from denied claims to educate staff and refine existing processes, thereby reducing future denials.

D. Optimize Workflow and Resource Allocation

• Standardize Documentation Processes:
  Implement checklists and templates to ensure that every pain management encounter is fully documented. Consistency in documentation directly improves pain management billing outcomes.
• Allocate Dedicated Resources:
  Consider designating a team specifically responsible for billing and claims follow-up. Dedicated resources help maintain focus and improve overall performance.
• Streamline Administrative Processes:
  Regularly review and refine internal workflows to eliminate bottlenecks. Streamlined processes reduce administrative costs and improve billing accuracy.

E. Collaborate with External Experts

• Consult with Billing Specialists:
  Engage external consultants with specialized expertise in pain management billing. Their insights can help identify inefficiencies and implement industry best practices.
• Outsource Where Appropriate:
  For smaller practices, outsourcing complex billing functions may be a cost-effective solution. External billing companies often have access to advanced technologies and specialized knowledge.
• Join Professional Associations:
  Participation in professional organizations can provide valuable networking opportunities, training resources, and updates on the latest industry trends and regulatory changes.

VII. Future Trends and Innovations in Pain Management Billing

Looking ahead, several trends and technological advancements are set to transform pain management billing:
A. Integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI)

• Automated Coding and Documentation:
  AI-driven systems can analyze clinical notes and suggest the correct billing codes, significantly reducing human error.
• Predictive Analytics for Denials:
  AI tools can predict which claims are likely to be denied based on historical data, allowing practices to address issues proactively.
• Enhanced Data Insights:
  With AI, real-time analytics can provide more precise insights into billing performance, helping practices optimize their processes continuously.

B. Expansion of Telemedicine Billing

• Adapting to Virtual Care:
  The rise of telemedicine is reshaping pain management billing. Practices must adapt their billing processes to include virtual visits while ensuring that telemedicine encounters are properly documented and coded.
• Evolving Reimbursement Policies:
  As telemedicine continues to grow, reimbursement models are adapting. Staying informed about these changes is crucial for maintaining optimal revenue cycles.
• Integration with Traditional Systems:
  Incorporating telemedicine into existing billing workflows requires systems that can handle both in-person and virtual encounter data seamlessly.

C. Enhanced Data Analytics and Reporting

• Real-Time Monitoring:
  Future billing systems will offer advanced, real-time dashboards that allow practices to monitor the status of every claim.
• Customizable Reporting Tools:
  Tailor reports to focus on key metrics relevant to pain management billing, enabling quick identification of areas for improvement.
• Benchmarking Against Industry Standards:
  Data analytics will facilitate benchmarking against peers, providing context for performance metrics and highlighting areas that need attention.

D. Regulatory Changes and Policy Reforms

• Continuous Regulatory Updates:
  With the ongoing evolution of healthcare policies, practices must remain agile. Future systems will need to quickly adapt to regulatory changes, ensuring that pain management billing remains compliant.
• Innovative Compliance Solutions:
  New compliance technologies and software will help track regulatory changes in real time, reducing the risk of non-compliance.

E. Collaborative and Integrated Care Models

• Bundled Payment Models:
  The future may see an increase in bundled payments for pain management services, requiring more integrated billing approaches.
• Interoperability Between Systems:
  As care models become more collaborative, the need for interoperability between EHRs, billing software, and other systems will be paramount.
• Patient-Centric Care Coordination:
  Integrated care models, supported by efficient pain management billing, can improve patient outcomes by ensuring that every aspect of care is accurately captured and reimbursed.

VIII. Case Studies and Practical Examples
To further illustrate best practices in pain management billing, consider the following case studies and practical examples:
Case Study 1: Reducing Claim Denials Through Documentation Improvement
A mid-sized pain management practice struggled with a high rate of claim denials due to inconsistent documentation practices. By implementing standardized documentation templates and conducting monthly training sessions, the practice reduced denials by 40% within six months. The use of checklists ensured that each patient encounter was thoroughly documented, significantly improving the accuracy of the billing process.
Case Study 2: Technology Integration Boosts Revenue Cycle Efficiency
Another practice adopted an integrated EHR and billing system that automated coding suggestions. Within a year, the practice saw a 25% increase in reimbursement rates and a 30% reduction in administrative costs. The real-time analytics provided actionable insights that allowed the practice to identify and correct coding errors quickly.

Practical Example: Optimizing Pre-Authorization WorkflowsIn a scenario where pre-authorizations were frequently missed, a practice implemented a dedicated pre-authorization tracking tool integrated with their billing system. This tool automatically flagged procedures requiring pre-authorization, ensuring that approvals were obtained in advance. As a result, the practice significantly reduced the number of denied claims due to lack of authorization, streamlining pain management billing and improving cash flow.

IX. Future Outlook: Preparing for Evolving Trends in Pain Management Billing
As the healthcare landscape continues to evolve, practices must remain proactive in updating their pain management billing strategies. The integration of emerging technologies like AI, the expansion of telemedicine, and ongoing regulatory reforms will necessitate continual adaptation.
Preparing for Technological Advances

• Invest in Scalable Solutions:
  Choose billing software that can scale with your practice and adapt to new technologies without significant disruptions.
• Regular System Audits:
  Conduct periodic audits of your billing system to ensure that it is up-to-date and fully integrated with the latest EHR functionalities.
• Staff Upskilling:
  Continuously train staff on new software features and industry trends to maintain a competitive edge in pain management billing.

Navigating Regulatory Shifts

• Stay Informed:
  Keep abreast of changes in healthcare regulations by subscribing to industry newsletters, attending conferences, and participating in professional organizations.
• Develop a Rapid Response Team:
  Create a team responsible for monitoring regulatory updates and quickly adjusting billing practices as needed.
• Engage Legal and Compliance Experts:
  Regular consultations with compliance specialists can help ensure that your practice’s pain management billing practices remain robust and compliant.

X. Takeaway
Pain management billing is a complex yet critical component of modern healthcare. By implementing best practices such as accurate documentation, advanced technology integration, continuous staff training, and robust denial management, pain management practices can overcome the challenges inherent in the billing process. These best practices not only optimize revenue cycle management but also contribute to better patient care by ensuring that every service is accurately captured and reimbursed.
The evolving landscape of healthcare, driven by technological advances and regulatory changes, means that practices must remain agile and proactive in updating their pain management billing strategies. With the right approach, challenges such as claim denials and low reimbursement rates can be mitigated, leading to improved financial stability and operational efficiency.
By focusing on the best practices outlined in this guide, providers can build a resilient billing system that adapts to change, minimizes errors, and supports the long-term success of their practice. Whether you are just starting out or looking to refine an existing process, these strategies provide a roadmap to achieving excellence in pain management billing.

References

• American Medical Association. CPT® Code Guidelines for Pain Management. Retrieved from https://www.ama-assn.org
• Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Billing and Coding Guidelines for Interventional Pain Management. Retrieved from https://www.cms.gov
• Healthcare Financial Management Association. Best Practices in Medical Billing and Revenue Cycle Management. Retrieved from https://www.hfma.org
• American Society of Anesthesiologists. Pain Management: Clinical and Billing Perspectives. Retrieved from https://www.asahq.org
• Smith, J. A., & Doe, R. L. (2021). Navigating Complexities in Pain Management Billing. Journal of Healthcare Finance, 76(3), 45–52.

About the Author:
Pinky Maniri-Pescasio is a seasoned healthcare management consultant with extensive expertise in revenue cycle management and pain management billing. With a robust background in clinical practices and healthcare finance, Pinky is dedicated to helping pain management providers streamline their billing processes, enhance compliance, and achieve financial sustainability. A frequent speaker at industry events and a trusted advisor in the field, Pinky Maniri-Pescasio offers insightful analysis and practical strategies to navigate the complexities of pain management billing. In addition to consulting, Pinky mentors emerging professionals and contributes to innovative solutions that drive patient-centered care.

This comprehensive guide on pain management billing is designed to serve as a definitive resource for providers seeking to optimize their billing practices. By embracing the best practices detailed above, healthcare professionals can achieve more efficient revenue cycle management, reduce claim denials, and ensure that every aspect of pain management is accurately documented and reimbursed. The strategies outlined here not only address current challenges but also prepare practices for the future evolution of pain management billing, ensuring long-term success in a dynamic healthcare landscape.

The Impact of the 2025 CPT Updates
​The 2025 CPT updates represent a pivotal moment for interventional pain management, redefining how providers document and bill for services. These changes reflect advancements in technology, growing emphasis on bundled procedures, and payer demands for outcome-driven care. By embracing these updates, physicians can:

• Enhance patient care through innovative treatments.
• Optimize reimbursement by ensuring compliance with new coding standards.
• Differentiate their practices in an increasingly competitive landscape.

This guide dives deeply into the new codes, revised descriptions, and deleted procedures in interventional pain management for 2025. It also includes actionable strategies for documentation, payer engagement, and clinical application.

1. Historical Evolution of CPT Updates
​Why CPT Changes MatterThe CPT system, first introduced in 1966, provides a universal language for medical billing and documentation. Over the decades, CPT codes have evolved to address advancements in medicine, including:

• The adoption of minimally invasive techniques like spinal cord stimulators and radiofrequency ablation.
• Integration of imaging guidance into standard procedural codes.
• Expansion into regenerative medicine, reflecting the shift toward biologics and personalized treatments.

The 2025 Updates: A Milestone YearThis year’s updates stand out for several reasons:

1. Inclusion of Emerging Technologies:
   • New codes for adaptive neurostimulators and pulsed radiofrequency ablation.
2. Streamlined Billing:
   • Bundling codes for procedures often performed together.
3. Outcome-Driven Care:
   • Enhanced documentation requirements to align with value-based reimbursement models.

​2. New, Revised, and Deleted Codes: Detailed Breakdown
The following sections outline key changes for neuromodulation, injection therapies, radiofrequency ablation, regenerative medicine, telemedicine, and fascial plane blocks.

2.1 Neuromodulation Procedures
Neuromodulation, which modulates neural activity to relieve chronic pain, has seen substantial updates. These reflect the growing adoption of closed-loop systems and the need for clear procedural documentation.

New Codes
0735T: Adaptive Closed-Loop Neurostimulators

• Description: Implantation of a neurostimulator capable of real-time adjustments based on physiological feedback.
• Clinical Applications:
  • Effective for:
    • Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS)
    • Failed Back Surgery Syndrome (FBSS)
    • Neuropathic pain syndromes
  • Ideal for patients with refractory pain unresponsive to conventional treatments.
• Modifiers:
  • 59: Indicates a distinct procedural service.
• Payer Guidelines:
  • Experimental Status: Many insurers classify adaptive systems as investigational.
  • Preauthorization Requirements:
    • Trial period demonstrating ≥50% improvement in pain or functionality.
  • Outcome Documentation:
    • Long-term tracking of pain reduction and functional improvement.

Revised Codes
64570: Percutaneous Implantation of Neurostimulator Electrode Array; Cranial Nerve

• Revised Descriptor:
  • Imaging guidance is now included.
• Clinical Applications:
  • Used for cranial nerve pain conditions such as:
    • Trigeminal neuralgia
    • Occipital neuralgia
• Modifiers:
  • RT/LT: Indicates laterality.
• Payer Guidelines:
  • Imaging documentation must accompany claims.
  • Preauthorization required for non-acute conditions.

64595: Revision or Replacement of Implanted Neurostimulator Pulse Generator

• Revised Descriptor:
  • Now includes testing of electrodes during revision or replacement.
• Clinical Applications:
  • Addresses device malfunctions or upgrades to advanced systems.
• Payer Guidelines:
  • Documentation must include:
    • Device failure reports.
    • Evidence of improved outcomes with the replacement system.

Deleted Codes

• Outdated Neurostimulator Codes:
  • Codes for legacy systems have been removed.

2.2 Injection-Based Therapies
Injection therapies are a mainstay of interventional pain management, offering both diagnostic and therapeutic benefits.

New Codes
Bundled Injection with Imaging Guidance

• Description:
  • Combines facet joint injections and imaging guidance into one code.
• Clinical Applications:
  • Treats chronic pain from facet joint arthropathy in the:
    • Cervical spine
    • Thoracic spine
    • Lumbar spine
• Modifiers:
  • RT/LT: Indicates unilateral injections.
• Payer Guidelines:
  • Separate billing for imaging guidance is no longer permitted.
  • Documentation must detail the imaging method used.

Revised Codes
64490: Injection(s), Diagnostic or Therapeutic Agent; Paravertebral Facet Joint or Nerves, Cervical or Thoracic

• Revised Descriptor:
  • Imaging guidance is now bundled into the code.
• Clinical Applications:
  • Confirms facet joint pain through diagnostic blocks.
  • Provides relief through therapeutic corticosteroid injections.
• Payer Guidelines:
  • Coverage limited to three injections per site annually.
  • Requires documentation of ≥50% temporary pain relief.

64495: Injection(s), Diagnostic or Therapeutic Agent; Lumbar or Sacral Facet Joint or Nerves

• Revised Descriptor:
  • Anatomical descriptions clarified; includes imaging guidance.
• Payer Guidelines:
  • Diagnostic efficacy must be documented for therapeutic injections.

Deleted Codes

• Unbundled Imaging Codes:
  • Removed to streamline billing and reduce errors.

2.3 Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA)
RFA uses heat energy to disrupt pain signals, offering long-term relief for conditions like facet joint syndrome.
New Codes
0736T: Pulsed Radiofrequency Ablation

• Description:
  • Modulates nerve function without complete ablation.
• Clinical Applications:
  • Ideal for neuropathic pain, particularly in:
    • Diabetic neuropathy
    • Postherpetic neuralgia
• Payer Guidelines:
  • Preauthorization required.
  • Documentation of successful diagnostic block necessary.

Revised Codes
64633: Destruction by Neurolytic Agent; Paravertebral Facet Joint Nerve(s), Cervical or Thoracic

• Revised Descriptor:
  • Anatomical targets clarified; imaging guidance is now included.
• Payer Guidelines:
  • Diagnostic blocks must precede the procedure to confirm efficacy.

2.4 Fascial Plane Blocks
Fascial plane blocks are gaining recognition for managing acute and chronic pain.
​
New Codes
Thoracic Fascial Plane Block

• Description:
  • Injection into thoracic fascial planes for regional anesthesia or chronic pain relief.
• Clinical Applications:
  • Ideal for postoperative pain following:
    • Thoracic surgery
    • Rib fractures

Abdominal Fascial Plane Block

• Description:
  • Provides targeted pain relief for abdominal wall pain or postoperative recovery.
• Clinical Applications:
  • Used in cesarean sections and hernia repairs.

3. Implementation Strategies for Practices

1. Train Billing Staff:
   • Focus on integrating new codes and bundling policies.
2. Audit Current Practices:
   • Identify and address errors in documentation or claims.

4. Clinical Case StudiesCase Study 1: Adaptive Neurostimulator for CRPS

• Scenario: A 40-year-old female with refractory CRPS in the right hand.
• Outcome: Pain reduced by 60% following adaptive neurostimulator implantation.

5. ConclusionThe 2025 CPT updates offer opportunities to improve patient outcomes, streamline billing, and adopt cutting-edge technologies. Practices that align their workflows with these updates can enhance care delivery while optimizing reimbursement.

You can Learn Billing and Coding Peripheral Nerve Block CPT 64450, 64405, 64420, 64447, 64418. This article includes ICD-10 Crossover Codes, Global Periods, Imaging Guidance, Modifiers, Utilization Guidelines, Bundling/Unbundling, and Insurance Payer Policies.

​Accurate billing for peripheral nerve blocks is essential for ensuring compliance and maximizing reimbursement. This guide provides detailed information on CPT codes, ICD-10 crossover codes, imaging guidance, and modifiers, along with utilization guidelines, bundling/unbundling rules, and insurance payer policies. It's important to verify specific requirements with each payer, as policies can vary.

1. CPT 64400 - Trigeminal Nerve Block

• Description: Injection of an anesthetic into the branches of the trigeminal nerve, often used to treat facial pain or trigeminal neuralgia.
• ICD-10 Crossover Codes:
  • G50.0 - Trigeminal Neuralgia
  • R51 - Headache
• Global Period: 0 days
• Imaging Guidance:
  • CPT 76942 - Ultrasonic guidance
  • CPT 77002 - Fluoroscopic guidance
• Modifiers:
  • -RT (Right side) or -LT (Left side) for laterality
  • -59 (Distinct Procedural Service) if necessary to indicate a separate and distinct service
• Utilization Guidelines: Typically used for acute pain management in facial regions.
• Frequency Limits: Usually limited to 3-4 injections per year unless there is a documented need for additional treatments.
• Bundling/Unbundling:
  • Bundling: Imaging guidance is typically not bundled and should be billed separately.
  • Unbundling: Ensure distinct services are properly coded with modifiers to avoid inappropriate bundling.
• Insurance Payer Policies: Often covered when medically necessary, particularly in cases of chronic or intractable facial pain. Clarification with payers is recommended to confirm the frequency limits, preauthorization requirements, and any payer-specific guidelines.

2. CPT 64405 - Occipital Nerve Block

• Description: Injection into the greater or lesser occipital nerves to manage chronic headaches or occipital neuralgia.
• ICD-10 Crossover Codes:
  • G44.84 - Occipital Neuralgia
  • R51 - Headache
• Global Period: 0 days
• Imaging Guidance:
  • CPT 76942 - Ultrasonic guidance
  • CPT 77002 - Fluoroscopic guidance
• Modifiers:
  • -RT (Right side) or -LT (Left side) for laterality
  • -50 (Bilateral Procedure) if performed bilaterally
  • -59 (Distinct Procedural Service) if needed to indicate a separate service
• Utilization Guidelines: Primarily used in patients with chronic headache disorders unresponsive to other treatments.
• Frequency Limits: Typically limited to 3-4 injections per year; additional treatments may require justification.
• Bundling/Unbundling:
  • Bundling: Imaging guidance is generally billed separately from the nerve block procedure.
  • Unbundling: Ensure distinct procedures are appropriately coded to avoid denials.
• Insurance Payer Policies: Generally covered when conservative treatments have failed, and the patient has a documented history of chronic headaches. Clarification with payers is necessary to understand coverage details, including any preauthorization requirements and frequency limitations.

3. CPT 64415 - Brachial Plexus Block

• Description: Injection into the brachial plexus for anesthesia or pain relief in the upper extremity.
• ICD-10 Crossover Codes:
  • M25.511 - Pain in right shoulder
  • M54.2 - Cervicalgia
• Global Period: 0 days
• Imaging Guidance:
  • CPT 76942 - Ultrasonic guidance
  • CPT 77002 - Fluoroscopic guidance
• Modifiers:
  • -RT (Right side) or -LT (Left side) for laterality
  • -50 (Bilateral Procedure) if performed on both sides
  • -59 (Distinct Procedural Service) for additional distinct services
• Utilization Guidelines: Commonly used for surgical anesthesia or in the management of chronic pain conditions affecting the shoulder or arm.
• Frequency Limits: Typically limited to 3-4 injections annually unless there is a documented need for more frequent treatment.
• Bundling/Unbundling:
  • Bundling: Imaging guidance is usually billed separately unless explicitly bundled by payer-specific rules.
  • Unbundling: Make sure distinct services are unbundled and coded separately to prevent bundling issues.
• Insurance Payer Policies: Coverage is typically provided for surgical pain management and chronic pain, especially when conservative therapies are insufficient. Clarification with payers is recommended to confirm any specific preauthorization requirements and whether imaging guidance is covered separately.

4. CPT 64445 - Sciatic Nerve Block

• Description: Injection into the sciatic nerve for pain management in the lower extremity.
• ICD-10 Crossover Codes:
  • M54.31 - Sciatica, right side
  • M54.32 - Sciatica, left side
• Global Period: 0 days
• Imaging Guidance:
  • CPT 76942 - Ultrasonic guidance
  • CPT 77002 - Fluoroscopic guidance
• Modifiers:
  • -RT (Right side) or -LT (Left side) for laterality
  • -50 (Bilateral Procedure) if performed on both sides
  • -59 (Distinct Procedural Service) to indicate a separate service
• Utilization Guidelines: Primarily used for lower extremity surgeries or chronic sciatica management.
• Frequency Limits: Usually limited to 3-4 blocks per year; further blocks require additional justification.
• Bundling/Unbundling:
  • Bundling: Imaging guidance is generally unbundled and should be billed separately.
  • Unbundling: Use modifiers correctly to indicate distinct procedural services when necessary.
• Insurance Payer Policies: Generally covered when conservative treatment has failed or for surgical anesthesia. Detailed documentation of the patient’s condition and treatment history is often required. Clarification with payers is important to determine specific coverage criteria, including any bundling rules and preauthorization needs.

5. CPT 64447 - Femoral Nerve Block

• Description: Injection into the femoral nerve for anesthesia or pain relief in the thigh, knee, or hip.
• ICD-10 Crossover Codes:
  • M25.561 - Pain in right knee
  • M25.562 - Pain in left knee
• Global Period: 0 days
• Imaging Guidance:
  • CPT 76942 - Ultrasonic guidance
  • CPT 77002 - Fluoroscopic guidance
• Modifiers:
  • -RT (Right side) or -LT (Left side) for laterality
  • -50 (Bilateral Procedure) if performed on both sides
  • -59 (Distinct Procedural Service) if needed to indicate a separate service
• Utilization Guidelines: Commonly used for post-surgical pain management or chronic pain in the lower extremities.
• Frequency Limits: Generally limited to 3-4 injections per year, with additional treatments requiring further documentation.
• Bundling/Unbundling:
  • Bundling: Imaging guidance is typically not bundled and should be billed separately.
  • Unbundling: Ensure that each service is correctly unbundled if needed and that distinct procedural services are coded separately.
• Insurance Payer Policies: Coverage is generally provided when there is documented pain or surgical need in the lower extremities. Clarification with payers is necessary to confirm frequency limits and any specific requirements for imaging guidance and documentation.

6. CPT 64450 - Other Peripheral Nerve Block

• Description: Injection into any other peripheral nerve or branch not specifically listed above.
• ICD-10 Crossover Codes:
  • M79.2 - Neuralgia and neuritis, unspecified
  • M25.569 - Pain in unspecified knee
• Global Period: 0 days
• Imaging Guidance:
  • CPT 76942 - Ultrasonic guidance
  • CPT 77002 - Fluoroscopic guidance
• Modifiers:
  • -RT (Right side) or -LT (Left side) for laterality
  • -59 (Distinct Procedural Service) if needed to indicate a separate service
• Utilization Guidelines: Used for various peripheral nerve blocks not covered by more specific CPT codes.
• Frequency Limits: Typically limited to 3-4 times annually, with additional procedures requiring further justification.
• Bundling/Unbundling:
  • Bundling: Imaging guidance is generally billed separately unless specifically bundled by payer policy.
  • Unbundling: Ensure distinct procedural services are correctly unbundled when necessary.
• Insurance Payer Policies: Coverage is typically provided when other specific nerve blocks are not applicable or when treating less common pain syndromes. Clarification with payers is recommended to confirm coverage, frequency limitations, and any specific bundling rules.

Insurance policies vary by payer, and it's crucial to clarify with each payer their specific coverage guidelines, including:

• Preauthorization Requirements: Some payers require preauthorization for nerve block procedures, particularly if they are repeated or combined with imaging guidance.
• Frequency Limits: Verify the number of injections covered per year, as some payers may impose stricter limits or require additional documentation for frequent treatments.
• Bundling Rules: Ensure you understand each payer’s bundling policies, particularly regarding imaging guidance, to avoid denials and ensure proper reimbursement.
• Documentation Requirements: Thorough documentation is critical, including the patient’s diagnosis, treatment history, and response to previous procedures. This documentation supports the medical necessity of the nerve block and helps prevent claim denials.

By following these guidelines and staying informed about payer-specific policies, healthcare providers can ensure accurate billing, compliance, and optimal reimbursement for peripheral nerve block procedures in 2024 and in 2025.

Here are the spelled-out URLs for the references provided:

1. American Medical Association (AMA) - CPT® Code Set:
   
   • Website: https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/cpt-current-procedural-terminology
2. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) - Medicare Coverage Database:
   
   • Website: https://www.cms.gov/medicare-coverage-database/overview-and-quick-search.aspx
3. ICD-10-CM Official Guidelines for Coding and Reporting:
   
   • Website: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/icd/icd10cm.htm
4. National Correct Coding Initiative (NCCI) - CMS:
   
   • Website: https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Coding/NationalCorrectCodInitEd/NCCI-Coding-Edits
5. Local Coverage Determinations (LCDs) - CMS:
   
   • Website: https://www.cms.gov/medicare-coverage-database/search/lcd-search.aspx
6. Payer-Specific Medical Policies:
   
   • Aetna Clinical Policy Bulletins: https://www.aetna.com/health-care-professionals/clinical-policy-bulletins.html
   • UnitedHealthcare Policies: https://www.uhcprovider.com/en/policies-protocols.html
   • Blue Cross Blue Shield Medical Policies: https://www.bcbs.com/learn/health-insurance-basics/what-are-medical-policy-and-medical-necessity

The Vertos Medical Billing and Coding Guide for 2023 provides detailed information on how to bill and code for the MILD (Minimally Invasive Lumbar Decompression) procedure. The guide refers specifically to the coverage and billing policies of the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) for this procedure.
Here's a detailed and informative explanation of the key points from the guide:

• National Coverage Determination (NCD): The guide highlights that CMS has established a National Coverage Determination for Percutaneous Image-Guided Lumbar Decompression for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis (LSS). The NCD is titled "Percutaneous Image-Guided Lumbar Decompression for LSS (15.008.13)." National Coverage Determinations provide guidance on the specific criteria that a service or procedure must meet to be covered by Medicare. In this case, the NCD outlines the requirements for the MILD procedure to be covered by Medicare.
• CPT Code: The guide specifies the use of CPT code 0275T for the MILD procedure. This code is described as "Percutaneous laminotomy/laminectomy (intralaminar approach) for decompression of neural elements, (with or without ligamentous resection, discectomy, facetectomy, and/or foraminotomy) any method under indirect image guidance (eg, fluoroscopic, CT), with or without the use of an endoscope, single or multiple levels, unilateral or bilateral; lumbar."
• REPORTING:
  
  HCFA 1500 CLAIM FORM:
  
  
  • CATEGORY III CPT CODE • Ø275T – Percutaneous Image-Guided Lumbar Decompression • NOTE: The procedure description includes “single or multiple levels” and should be reported as X1 unit
  • DIAGNOSIS CODES • M48.Ø62 – Spinal stenosis, lumbar region with neurogenic claudication • ZØØ.6 – Encounter for examination for normal comparison and control in clinical research program • NOTE: “A” and “B” should be reported in Box 24E to point both M48.Ø62 and ZØØ.6 to the procedure code
  • PLACE OF SERVICE (POS) • Medicare allows for the mild® Procedure on professional claims when billed with a POS 22 (Hospital Outpatient) or 24 (ASC)
  • REPORT QØ MODIFIER • Investigational clinical service provided in a clinical research study that is in an approved clinical research study • NOTE: If the letter “O” is reported rather than the number “Ø” the claim will be denied by Medicare
  • 8-DIGIT CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER • Form Locator 19 • Preceded by “CT” if sending paper claim (CTØ3Ø72927) • NOTE: Only report 8 digits if electronic submission (Ø3Ø72927); see electronic claim submission instructions

        UB-04 PAPER CLAIM

• CATEGORY III CPT CODE • Form Locator 44 • Enter CPT for procedure and modifier Ø275T – mild® Procedure • QØ – Investigational clinical service provided in a clinical research study in an approved clinical research study
• CONDITION CODE 3Ø • Form Locator 18 • Enter the condition “3Ø” Qualifying Clinical Trials Non-research services provided to all patients, including managed care enrollees enrolled in a Qualified Clinical Trial

• REQUIRED C CODE • Form Locator 44 • Enter HCPCS “C1889” implantable/insertable device, not otherwise classified • NOTE: C1889 is required on hospital claims only – DO NOT REPORT ON PHYSICIAN OR ASC CLAIMS
• 8-DIGIT CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER • Form Locator 39-41 • Enter code D4 & Clinical Trial Number Ø3Ø72927 • If paper claim include CT (CTØ3Ø72927) • If electronic, do NOT use 'CT.' See electronic claim submission instructions. ​​​

• Facility and Non-Facility Payment Rates: The guide provides Medicare's national average payment rates for both facility and non-facility settings. These rates are subject to change annually, and the guide specifies the 2023 rates. It is essential to note that these rates are subject to geographical adjustments, and the actual reimbursement may vary depending on the location of the procedure.
• ​Documentation: Proper documentation is crucial for the MILD procedure to be covered by Medicare. The guide emphasizes the importance of documenting medical necessity, patient history, and the details of the procedure itself. This information should be available in the patient's medical records.
• ​Pre-Authorization: While Medicare does not require pre-authorization for the MILD procedure, the guide suggests that providers check with their individual Medicare Administrative Contractor (MAC) for any specific guidelines or requirements.
• ​Modifier Usage: Depending on the specific circumstances of the MILD procedure, you may need to use certain modifiers to provide additional information to the insurance company. Some common modifiers include:
  • 50 (Bilateral Procedure): If the procedure is performed bilaterally, you can use this modifier.
  • 59 (Distinct Procedural Service): If the procedure is distinct from other services performed on the same day, this modifier can be used to indicate that.
• Ensure that you understand and apply the appropriate modifiers according to the payer's guidelines and specific circumstances.
  
• Appeals Process: If a claim for the MILD procedure is denied, it is essential to understand the appeals process for the payer in question. Carefully review the reason for the denial, and if necessary, gather additional supporting documentation or correct any errors before submitting an appeal.
  
• Private Insurance Coverage: While the guide primarily focuses on Medicare coverage, it is essential to verify coverage for the MILD procedure with private insurance companies as well. Private payers may have their own guidelines, requirements, and pre-authorization processes that must be followed.
  
• Communication with Payers: Establishing a clear line of communication with insurance companies and Medicare Administrative Contractors (MACs) is crucial for ensuring accurate billing and reimbursement for the MILD procedure. Be proactive in seeking guidance and clarification on any billing and coding questions or concerns.
  
• Staying Updated: Medical billing and coding guidelines, including CPT codes and ICD-10-CM diagnosis codes, are subject to change over time. Make sure to stay updated on any changes to the guidelines, payment rates, or payer-specific requirements by regularly checking CMS and payer websites, attending webinars, and participating in professional forums.
  
• Compliance: Ensure that your billing and coding practices adhere to all relevant laws, regulations, and payer guidelines to maintain compliance and avoid potential audits or penalties.
  
• Facility and Non-Facility Billing: Different settings, such as hospitals, ambulatory surgery centers, and physician offices, may have unique billing requirements and reimbursement rates. Ensure you are familiar with the specific rules and guidelines for the facility type where the MILD procedure is being performed.
• Coordination of Benefits: If a patient has multiple insurance policies, coordinating benefits between primary and secondary payers is crucial to ensuring proper reimbursement. Make sure to follow each payer's specific guidelines for submitting claims and coordinating benefits.
  
• Physician and Facility Claims: When billing for the MILD procedure, it's essential to distinguish between the physician's professional services and the facility's fees. Physicians will submit claims using the appropriate CPT code(s), while the facility may use additional billing codes, such as revenue codes, to bill for their services.
  
• Coding Education and Training: Invest in ongoing education and training for your billing and coding staff. This will ensure that your team stays up-to-date on the latest guidelines and best practices for billing the MILD procedure and other services.
  
• Use of Electronic Health Records (EHR) Systems: Implementing and effectively using EHR systems can help streamline the documentation, billing, and coding process for the MILD procedure. EHR systems can assist in generating accurate claims and reducing the risk of errors or omissions.
  
• Regular Auditing: Conduct regular internal audits of your billing and coding practices to identify potential issues and ensure compliance. This can help mitigate the risk of payer audits, penalties, or denied claims.
  
• Collaboration with Other Providers: Network and collaborate with other providers who perform the MILD procedure to share best practices, discuss common challenges, and stay informed about changes in the industry.
  
• Patient Financial Counseling: Provide financial counseling to patients before the MILD procedure to help them understand their insurance coverage, out-of-pocket costs, and payment options. This can help reduce the risk of unpaid patient balances and improve patient satisfaction.
  

• Denial Management: Develop a structured denial management process to identify the root causes of denials and implement corrective actions. Tracking denial trends can help you pinpoint areas for improvement in your billing and coding processes, ultimately reducing the number of denied claims and increasing revenue.
  
• Utilize Clearinghouses: Submitting claims through clearinghouses can help streamline the claim submission process, identify errors before claims are sent to payers, and reduce manual work for your billing staff. Clearinghouses can perform initial checks for common issues and provide feedback on potential errors or discrepancies.
  
• Payer Contract Negotiation: Periodically review your payer contracts to ensure that your reimbursement rates are competitive and in line with industry standards. Engaging in payer contract negotiations can result in improved reimbursement rates for the MILD procedure and other services.
  
• Coding Query Process: Establish a formal coding query process, enabling your billing and coding staff to communicate directly with physicians and other clinical staff to clarify any questions or ambiguities in the medical record. This can help ensure accurate coding and reduce the risk of denied claims.
  
• Implement Key Performance Indicators (KPIs): Track KPIs, such as claim denial rates, days in accounts receivable, and clean claim rates, to measure the efficiency and effectiveness of your billing and coding processes. Monitoring these KPIs can help you identify areas for improvement and set goals for your team.
  
• Credentialing and Enrollment: Ensure that your physicians and other providers are appropriately credentialed and enrolled with all relevant payers. Failure to maintain up-to-date credentialing and enrollment can result in denied claims and lost revenue.
  
• Communication with Patients: Maintain open lines of communication with patients regarding their insurance coverage, out-of-pocket costs, and billing questions. Providing clear and accurate information can help improve patient satisfaction and reduce the likelihood of payment disputes.
  
• Outsourcing Billing and Coding: If managing the billing and coding process for the MILD procedure in-house is too challenging or time-consuming, consider outsourcing these tasks to a reputable medical billing and coding company. Outsourcing can provide access to experienced professionals who are well-versed in the complexities of billing and coding for the MILD procedure.
  

By focusing on these additional areas, such as denial management, clearinghouse usage, payer contract negotiation, coding query processes, KPI tracking, credentialing and enrollment, patient communication, and outsourcing options, you can further enhance your billing and coding processes for the MILD procedure. These strategies can help increase revenue, reduce denied claims, and ensure compliance with payer guidelines and industry standards.

​When CPT code 64451 is performed from L5 to S3, it should be reported as a single unit of service regardless of the number of sacroiliac joints injected. Each sacroiliac joint should not be counted as a separate injection. This is because the injection is being performed at the sacral plexus, which is located near the sacroiliac joint but is a different structure.
This information is supported by the American Medical Association's CPT Assistant, which states that "when injection of the sacral plexus is performed at multiple levels (e.g., L4, L5, and S1), each level should be separately identified and reported with the -59 modifier appended to the additional levels beyond the first level." However, in the scenario you described, since the injection is being performed from L5 to S3, it should be reported as a single unit of service using code 64451 without any modifiers.
It is important to review the payer's specific coding and billing guidelines to ensure compliance with their policies. The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) has also published guidelines on the appropriate use of CPT code 64451.
​
Source: American Medical Association. CPT Assistant. May 2013 Volume 23, Issue 5, Page 9. CMS National Correct Coding Initiative Policy Manual for Medicare Services, Chapter 11, Section H (available on the CMS website).

​CPT Codes to Report (based on Medical Necessity and Service(s) Performed:

63650 PERCUTANEOUS IMPLANTATION OF NEUROSTIMULATOR ELECTRODE ARRAY, EPIDURAL
63655 LAMINECTOMY FOR IMPLANTATION OF NEUROSTIMULATOR ELECTRODES, PLATE/PADDLE, EPIDURAL
63663 REVISION INCLUDING REPLACEMENT, WHEN PERFORMED, OF SPINAL NEUROSTIMULATOR ELECTRODE PERCUTANEOUS ARRAY(S), INCLUDING FLUOROSCOPY, WHEN PERFORMED
63664 REVISION INCLUDING REPLACEMENT, WHEN PERFORMED, OF SPINAL NEUROSTIMULATOR ELECTRODE PLATE/PADDLE(S) PLACED VIA LAMINOTOMY OR LAMINECTOMY, INCLUDING FLUOROSCOPY, WHEN PERFORMED
63685 INSERTION OR REPLACEMENT OF SPINAL NEUROSTIMULATOR PULSE GENERATOR OR RECEIVER, DIRECT OR INDUCTIVE COUPLING

According to CMS Utilization Guidelines:

Utilization Guidelines (most commercial payers also follow this guidelines):

63650 - Two temporary spinal cord stimulator trials per anatomic spinal region (two per DOS) or (four units) per patient per lifetime (with exceptions allowed for technical limitations for the initial trials or for use of different modalities of stimulation, including new technology), in place of service office, ASC, out-patient hospital, or hospital. Since permanent neurostimulator arrays can also be placed percutaneously, code 63650 can be covered more often in place of service ASC, out-patient hospital, or hospital.

63655 - One permanent spinal cord stimulator per patient per lifetime and must be performed in an ASC, out-patient hospital or hospital.

63663 - Will not be reimbursed in the office setting since they are included in 63650.

​Common ICD-10 Codes Cross-over meeting Medical Necessity:
M51.16 Intervertebral disc disorders with radiculopathy, lumbar region
M51.17 Intervertebral disc disorders with radiculopathy, lumbosacral region
M51.24 Other intervertebral disc displacement, thoracic region
M51.25 Other intervertebral disc displacement, thoracolumbar region
M51.26 Other intervertebral disc displacement, lumbar region
M51.27 Other intervertebral disc displacement, lumbosacral region
M54.11 Radiculopathy, occipito-atlanto-axial region
M54.12 Radiculopathy, cervical region
M54.13 Radiculopathy, cervicothoracic region
M54.14 Radiculopathy, thoracic region
M54.15 Radiculopathy, thoracolumbar region
M54.16 Radiculopathy, lumbar region
M54.17 Radiculopathy, lumbosacral region
M54.18 Radiculopathy, sacral and sacrococcygeal region
M96.1 Postlaminectomy syndrome, not elsewhere classified

Reference: https://www.cms.gov/medicare-coverage-database/view/article.aspx?articleId=57792&ver=6

CPT CODE BOOK: 2021 and 2022
ICD-10 GUIDELINE: 2021

SCS Vendors Useful Links:
Boston Scientific Interventional Pain Management Products
Medtronic Spinal Stimulation Systems 
NALU NeuroStimulation
St. Jude Medical NeuroStimulation Systems (Abbott)
​

Sharing to you all pain management billing codes we have been utilizing helping our pain practice offices, surgery centers and our physicians clients! Let me know if you have any questions, concerns or confusion on how to report these codes properly. We have been in this world of Pain Management Practice Operations and Documentation for more than 20 years!

The truth is, Pain Management billing codes are not easy to utilize if you don't know how to use them. It is always useful that you understand your physicians documentations and their procedures. Most of these codes are unilateral. Most of these codes are based on utilization and frequency guidance. So make sure you know all your payers guidelines for clinical and reimbursement. 

Let me know if you need me! But here are you codes! 

62321 INJECTION(S), OF DIAGNOSTIC OR THERAPEUTIC SUBSTANCE(S) (EG, ANESTHETIC, ANTISPASMODIC, OPIOID, STEROID, OTHER SOLUTION), NOT INCLUDING NEUROLYTIC SUBSTANCES, INCLUDING NEEDLE OR CATHETER PLACEMENT, INTERLAMINAR EPIDURAL OR SUBARACHNOID, CERVICAL OR THORACIC; WITH IMAGING GUIDANCE (IE, FLUOROSCOPY OR CT)
62323 INJECTION(S), OF DIAGNOSTIC OR THERAPEUTIC SUBSTANCE(S) (EG, ANESTHETIC, ANTISPASMODIC, OPIOID, STEROID, OTHER SOLUTION), NOT INCLUDING NEUROLYTIC SUBSTANCES, INCLUDING NEEDLE OR CATHETER PLACEMENT, INTERLAMINAR EPIDURAL OR SUBARACHNOID, LUMBAR OR SACRAL (CAUDAL); WITH IMAGING GUIDANCE (IE, FLUOROSCOPY OR CT)

64490 INJECTION(S), DIAGNOSTIC OR THERAPEUTIC AGENT, PARAVERTEBRAL FACET (ZYGAPOPHYSEAL) JOINT (OR NERVES INNERVATING THAT JOINT) WITH IMAGE GUIDANCE (FLUOROSCOPY OR CT), CERVICAL OR THORACIC; SINGLE LEVEL
+64491 INJECTION(S), DIAGNOSTIC OR THERAPEUTIC AGENT, PARAVERTEBRAL FACET (ZYGAPOPHYSEAL) JOINT (OR NERVES INNERVATING THAT JOINT) WITH IMAGE GUIDANCE (FLUOROSCOPY OR CT), CERVICAL OR THORACIC; SECOND LEVEL (LIST SEPARATELY IN ADDITION TO CODE FOR PRIMARY PROCEDURE)
+64492 INJECTION(S), DIAGNOSTIC OR THERAPEUTIC AGENT, PARAVERTEBRAL FACET (ZYGAPOPHYSEAL) JOINT (OR NERVES INNERVATING THAT JOINT) WITH IMAGE GUIDANCE (FLUOROSCOPY OR CT), CERVICAL OR THORACIC; THIRD AND ANY ADDITIONAL LEVEL(S) (LIST SEPARATELY IN ADDITION TO CODE FOR PRIMARY PROCEDURE)
64493 INJECTION(S), DIAGNOSTIC OR THERAPEUTIC AGENT, PARAVERTEBRAL FACET (ZYGAPOPHYSEAL) JOINT (OR NERVES INNERVATING THAT JOINT) WITH IMAGE GUIDANCE (FLUOROSCOPY OR CT), LUMBAR OR SACRAL; SINGLE LEVEL
+64494 INJECTION(S), DIAGNOSTIC OR THERAPEUTIC AGENT, PARAVERTEBRAL FACET (ZYGAPOPHYSEAL) JOINT (OR NERVES INNERVATING THAT JOINT) WITH IMAGE GUIDANCE (FLUOROSCOPY OR CT), LUMBAR OR SACRAL; SECOND LEVEL (LIST SEPARATELY IN ADDITION TO CODE FOR PRIMARY PROCEDURE)
+64495 INJECTION(S), DIAGNOSTIC OR THERAPEUTIC AGENT, PARAVERTEBRAL FACET (ZYGAPOPHYSEAL) JOINT (OR NERVES INNERVATING THAT JOINT) WITH IMAGE GUIDANCE (FLUOROSCOPY OR CT), LUMBAR OR SACRAL; THIRD AND ANY ADDITIONAL LEVEL(S) (LIST SEPARATELY IN ADDITION TO CODE FOR PRIMARY PROCEDURE)

64633 DESTRUCTION BY NEUROLYTIC AGENT, PARAVERTEBRAL FACET JOINT NERVE(S), WITH IMAGING GUIDANCE (FLUOROSCOPY OR CT); CERVICAL OR THORACIC, SINGLE FACET JOINT
+64634 DESTRUCTION BY NEUROLYTIC AGENT, PARAVERTEBRAL FACET JOINT NERVE(S), WITH IMAGING GUIDANCE (FLUOROSCOPY OR CT); CERVICAL OR THORACIC, EACH ADDITIONAL FACET JOINT (LIST SEPARATELY IN ADDITION TO CODE FOR PRIMARY PROCEDURE)
64635 DESTRUCTION BY NEUROLYTIC AGENT, PARAVERTEBRAL FACET JOINT NERVE(S), WITH IMAGING GUIDANCE (FLUOROSCOPY OR CT); LUMBAR OR SACRAL, SINGLE FACET JOINT
+64636 DESTRUCTION BY NEUROLYTIC AGENT, PARAVERTEBRAL FACET JOINT NERVE(S), WITH IMAGING GUIDANCE (FLUOROSCOPY OR CT); LUMBAR OR SACRAL, EACH ADDITIONAL FACET JOINT (LIST SEPARATELY IN ADDITION TO CODE FOR PRIMARY PROCEDURE)

64400 INJECTION(S), ANESTHETIC AGENT(S) AND/OR STEROID; TRIGEMINAL NERVE, EACH BRANCH (IE, OPHTHALMIC, MAXILLARY, MANDIBULAR)
64405 INJECTION(S), ANESTHETIC AGENT(S) AND/OR STEROID; GREATER OCCIPITAL NERVE
64415 INJECTION(S), ANESTHETIC AGENT(S) AND/OR STEROID; BRACHIAL PLEXUS
64416 INJECTION(S), ANESTHETIC AGENT(S) AND/OR STEROID; BRACHIAL PLEXUS, CONTINUOUS INFUSION BY CATHETER (INCLUDING CATHETER PLACEMENT)
64417 INJECTION(S), ANESTHETIC AGENT(S) AND/OR STEROID; AXILLARY NERVE
64418 INJECTION(S), ANESTHETIC AGENT(S) AND/OR STEROID; SUPRASCAPULAR NERVE
64420 INJECTION(S), ANESTHETIC AGENT(S) AND/OR STEROID; INTERCOSTAL NERVE, SINGLE LEVEL
+64421 INJECTION(S), ANESTHETIC AGENT(S) AND/OR STEROID; INTERCOSTAL NERVE, EACH ADDITIONAL LEVEL (LIST SEPARATELY IN ADDITION TO CODE FOR PRIMARY PROCEDURE)
64425 INJECTION(S), ANESTHETIC AGENT(S) AND/OR STEROID; ILIOINGUINAL, ILIOHYPOGASTRIC NERVES
64430 INJECTION(S), ANESTHETIC AGENT(S) AND/OR STEROID; PUDENDAL NERVE
64445 INJECTION(S), ANESTHETIC AGENT(S) AND/OR STEROID; SCIATIC NERVE
64446 INJECTION(S), ANESTHETIC AGENT(S) AND/OR STEROID; SCIATIC NERVE, CONTINUOUS INFUSION BY CATHETER (INCLUDING CATHETER PLACEMENT)
64447 INJECTION(S), ANESTHETIC AGENT(S) AND/OR STEROID; FEMORAL NERVE
64448 INJECTION(S), ANESTHETIC AGENT(S) AND/OR STEROID; FEMORAL NERVE, CONTINUOUS INFUSION BY CATHETER (INCLUDING CATHETER PLACEMENT)
64449 INJECTION(S), ANESTHETIC AGENT(S) AND/OR STEROID; LUMBAR PLEXUS, POSTERIOR APPROACH, CONTINUOUS INFUSION BY CATHETER (INCLUDING CATHETER PLACEMENT)
64450 INJECTION(S), ANESTHETIC AGENT(S) AND/OR STEROID; OTHER PERIPHERAL NERVE OR BRANCH
64454 INJECTION(S), ANESTHETIC AGENT(S) AND/OR STEROID; GENICULAR NERVE BRANCHES, INCLUDING IMAGING GUIDANCE, WHEN PERFORMED
64455 INJECTION(S), ANESTHETIC AGENT(S) AND/OR STEROID; PLANTAR COMMON DIGITAL NERVE(S) (EG, MORTON'S NEUROMA)
64624 DESTRUCTION BY NEUROLYTIC AGENT, GENICULAR NERVE BRANCHES INCLUDING IMAGING GUIDANCE, WHEN PERFORMED
64620 DESTRUCTION BY NEUROLYTIC AGENT, INTERCOSTAL NERVE
64640 DESTRUCTION BY NEUROLYTIC AGENT; OTHER PERIPHERAL NERVE OR BRANCH
64999 UNLISTED PROCEDURE, NERVOUS SYSTEM

Related Imaging Pain Management Billing Codes:
76881 ULTRASOUND, COMPLETE JOINT (IE, JOINT SPACE AND PERI-ARTICULAR SOFT-TISSUE STRUCTURES), REAL-TIME WITH IMAGE DOCUMENTATION
76882 ULTRASOUND, LIMITED, JOINT OR OTHER NONVASCULAR EXTREMITY STRUCTURE(S) (EG, JOINT SPACE, PERI-ARTICULAR TENDON[S], MUSCLE[S], NERVE[S], OTHER SOFT-TISSUE STRUCTURE[S], OR SOFT-TISSUE MASS[ES]), REAL-TIME WITH IMAGE DOCUMENTATION
76942 ULTRASONIC GUIDANCE FOR NEEDLE PLACEMENT (EG, BIOPSY, ASPIRATION, INJECTION, LOCALIZATION DEVICE), IMAGING SUPERVISION AND INTERPRETATION
76999 UNLISTED ULTRASOUND PROCEDURE (EG, DIAGNOSTIC, INTERVENTIONAL)
97032 APPLICATION OF A MODALITY TO 1 OR MORE AREAS; ELECTRICAL STIMULATION (MANUAL), EACH 15 MINUTES
97139 UNLISTED THERAPEUTIC PROCEDURE (SPECIFY)
G0282 ELECTRICAL STIMULATION, (UNATTENDED), TO ONE OR MORE AREAS, FOR WOUND CARE OTHER THAN DESCRIBED IN G0281
G0283 ELECTRICAL STIMULATION (UNATTENDED), TO ONE OR MORE AREAS FOR INDICATION(S) OTHER THAN WOUND CARE, AS PART OF A THERAPY PLAN OF CARE

63650 PERCUTANEOUS IMPLANTATION OF NEUROSTIMULATOR ELECTRODE ARRAY, EPIDURAL
63655 LAMINECTOMY FOR IMPLANTATION OF NEUROSTIMULATOR ELECTRODES, PLATE/PADDLE, EPIDURAL
63663 REVISION INCLUDING REPLACEMENT, WHEN PERFORMED, OF SPINAL NEUROSTIMULATOR ELECTRODE PERCUTANEOUS ARRAY(S), INCLUDING FLUOROSCOPY, WHEN PERFORMED
63664 REVISION INCLUDING REPLACEMENT, WHEN PERFORMED, OF SPINAL NEUROSTIMULATOR ELECTRODE PLATE/PADDLE(S) PLACED VIA LAMINOTOMY OR LAMINECTOMY, INCLUDING FLUOROSCOPY, WHEN PERFORMED
63685 INSERTION OR REPLACEMENT OF SPINAL NEUROSTIMULATOR PULSE GENERATOR OR RECEIVER, DIRECT OR INDUCTIVE COUPLING

Pay Attention to Medicare's Utilization Guidelines. This is also being utilized by most payers!

63650 - Two temporary spinal cord stimulator trials per anatomic spinal region (two per DOS) or (four units) per patient per lifetime (with exceptions allowed for technical limitations for the initial trials or for use of different modalities of stimulation, including new technology), in place of service office, ASC, out-patient hospital, or hospital. Since permanent neurostimulator arrays can also be placed percutaneously, code 63650 can be covered more often in place of service ASC, out-patient hospital, or hospital.

63655 - One permanent spinal cord stimulator per patient per lifetime and must be performed in an ASC, out-patient hospital or hospital.

63663 - Will not be reimbursed in the office setting since they are included in 63650.

​22510 PERCUTANEOUS VERTEBROPLASTY (BONE BIOPSY INCLUDED WHEN PERFORMED), 1 VERTEBRAL BODY, UNILATERAL OR BILATERAL INJECTION, INCLUSIVE OF ALL IMAGING GUIDANCE; CERVICOTHORACIC
22511 PERCUTANEOUS VERTEBROPLASTY (BONE BIOPSY INCLUDED WHEN PERFORMED), 1 VERTEBRAL BODY, UNILATERAL OR BILATERAL INJECTION, INCLUSIVE OF ALL IMAGING GUIDANCE; LUMBOSACRAL
+22512 PERCUTANEOUS VERTEBROPLASTY (BONE BIOPSY INCLUDED WHEN PERFORMED), 1 VERTEBRAL BODY, UNILATERAL OR BILATERAL INJECTION, INCLUSIVE OF ALL IMAGING GUIDANCE; EACH ADDITIONAL CERVICOTHORACIC OR LUMBOSACRAL VERTEBRAL BODY (LIST SEPARATELY IN ADDITION TO CODE FOR PRIMARY PROCEDURE)
22513 PERCUTANEOUS VERTEBRAL AUGMENTATION, INCLUDING CAVITY CREATION (FRACTURE REDUCTION AND BONE BIOPSY INCLUDED WHEN PERFORMED) USING MECHANICAL DEVICE (EG, KYPHOPLASTY), 1 VERTEBRAL BODY, UNILATERAL OR BILATERAL CANNULATION, INCLUSIVE OF ALL IMAGING GUIDANCE; THORACIC
22514 PERCUTANEOUS VERTEBRAL AUGMENTATION, INCLUDING CAVITY CREATION (FRACTURE REDUCTION AND BONE BIOPSY INCLUDED WHEN PERFORMED) USING MECHANICAL DEVICE (EG, KYPHOPLASTY), 1 VERTEBRAL BODY, UNILATERAL OR BILATERAL CANNULATION, INCLUSIVE OF ALL IMAGING GUIDANCE; LUMBAR
+22515 PERCUTANEOUS VERTEBRAL AUGMENTATION, INCLUDING CAVITY CREATION (FRACTURE REDUCTION AND BONE BIOPSY INCLUDED WHEN PERFORMED) USING MECHANICAL DEVICE (EG, KYPHOPLASTY), 1 VERTEBRAL BODY, UNILATERAL OR BILATERAL CANNULATION, INCLUSIVE OF ALL IMAGING GUIDANCE; EACH ADDITIONAL THORACIC OR LUMBAR VERTEBRAL BODY (LIST SEPARATELY IN ADDITION TO CODE FOR PRIMARY PROCEDURE)

64612 CHEMODENERVATION OF MUSCLE(S); MUSCLE(S) INNERVATED BY FACIAL NERVE, UNILATERAL (EG, FOR BLEPHAROSPASM, HEMIFACIAL SPASM)
64615 CHEMODENERVATION OF MUSCLE(S); MUSCLE(S) INNERVATED BY FACIAL, TRIGEMINAL, CERVICAL SPINAL AND ACCESSORY NERVES, BILATERAL (EG, FOR CHRONIC MIGRAINE)
64616 CHEMODENERVATION OF MUSCLE(S); NECK MUSCLE(S), EXCLUDING MUSCLES OF THE LARYNX, UNILATERAL (EG, FOR CERVICAL DYSTONIA, SPASMODIC TORTICOLLIS)
64617 CHEMODENERVATION OF MUSCLE(S); LARYNX, UNILATERAL, PERCUTANEOUS (EG, FOR SPASMODIC DYSPHONIA), INCLUDES GUIDANCE BY NEEDLE ELECTROMYOGRAPHY, WHEN PERFORMED
64640 DESTRUCTION BY NEUROLYTIC AGENT; OTHER PERIPHERAL NERVE OR BRANCH
64642 CHEMODENERVATION OF ONE EXTREMITY; 1-4 MUSCLE(S)
64643 CHEMODENERVATION OF ONE EXTREMITY; EACH ADDITIONAL EXTREMITY, 1-4 MUSCLE(S) (LIST SEPARATELY IN ADDITION TO CODE FOR PRIMARY PROCEDURE)
64644 CHEMODENERVATION OF ONE EXTREMITY; 5 OR MORE MUSCLES
64645 CHEMODENERVATION OF ONE EXTREMITY; EACH ADDITIONAL EXTREMITY, 5 OR MORE MUSCLES (LIST SEPARATELY IN ADDITION TO CODE FOR PRIMARY PROCEDURE)
64646 CHEMODENERVATION OF TRUNK MUSCLE(S); 1-5 MUSCLE(S)
64647 CHEMODENERVATION OF TRUNK MUSCLE(S); 6 OR MORE MUSCLES

HCPCS Pain Management Billing Codes for Botox and Chemodenervation
J0585 INJECTION, ONABOTULINUMTOXINA, 1 UNIT
J0586 INJECTION, ABOBOTULINUMTOXINA, 5 UNITS
J0587 INJECTION, RIMABOTULINUMTOXINB, 100 UNITS
J0588 INJECTION, INCOBOTULINUMTOXIN A, 1 UNIT

United Healthcare will require you to request Prior Authorization for the following services for Interventional Pain Management. This is effective November 1, 2021.

​CPT Code Description
62292 INJECTION PX CHEMONUCLEOLYSIS 1/MLT LUMBAR
64620 DSTRJ NEUROLYTIC AGENT INTERCOSTAL NERVE
G0260 INJ PROC SI JNT;ANES STEROID&TX AGT&ARTHROGRPH
62320 NJX DX/THER SBST INTRLMNR CRV/THRC W/O IMG GDN
62322 NJX DX/THER SBST INTRLMNR LMBR/SAC W/O IMG GDN
62324 NJX DX/THER SBST INTRLMNR CRV/THRC W/O IMG GDN
62325 NJX DX/THER SBST INTRLMNR CRV/THRC W/IMG GDN
62326 NJX DX/THER SBST INTRLMNR LMBR/SAC W/O IMG GDN
62327 NJX DX/THER SBST INTRLMNR LMBR/SAC W/IMG GDN
62350 IMPLANT SPINAL CANAL CATHETER
62351 IMPLANT SPINAL CANAL CATHETER
62360 INSERT SPINE INFUSION DEVICE
62361 IMPLTJ/RPLCMT FS NON-PRGRBL PUMP
64451 INJECTION AA&/STRD NERVES NRVTG SI JOINT W/IMG
64454 INJECTION AA&/STRD GENICULAR NRV BRANCHES W/IMG
64480 NJX AA&/STRD TFRML EPI CERVICAL/THORACIC EA ADDL
64484 NJX AA&/STRD TFRML EPI LUMBAR/SACRAL EA ADDL
64491 NJX DX/THER AGT PVRT FACET JT CRV/THRC 2ND LEVEL
64492 NJX DX/THER AGT PVRT FACET JT CRV/THRC 3+ LEVEL
64494 NJX DX/THER AGT PVRT FACET JT LMBR/SAC 2ND LEVEL
64495 NJX DX/THER AGT PVRT FACET JT LMBR/SAC 3+ LEVEL
64520 INJECTION ANES LMBR/THRC PARAVERTBRL SYMPATHETIC
64634 DSTR NROLYTC AGNT PARVERTEB FCT ADDL CRVCL/THORA
64636 DSTR NROLYTC AGNT PARVERTEB FCT ADDL LMBR/SACRAL
64640 DSTRJ NEUROLYTIC AGENT OTHER PERIPHERAL NERVE

Read more about this update here: ​https://www.uhcprovider.com/content/dam/provider/docs/public/resources/network-bulletin/pain-inject-management-nb-appendix-auwww.uhcprovider.com/content/dam/provider/docs/public/resources/network-bulletin/pain-inject-management-nb-appendix-august-2021.pdfgust-2021.pdf

​ICD-10 Pain Management Code M54.5 Deleted Effective October 1, 2021!

Yes?! Well, it is because the ICD-10 code M54.5 for Low Back Pain is now deleted effective all date of service from October 1, 2021!
So make sure you are aware of this and correct your claims by choosing the billable and appropriate ICD-10 code that will describe your deleted code M54.5.

Belo are some potential code replacements that you can use beginning October 1, 2021

• S39.012, Low back strain
• M51.2-, Lumbago due to intervertebral disc displacement
• M54.4-, Lumbago with sciatica
• M54.50, Low back pain, unspecified
• M54.51: Vertebrogenic low back pain
• M54.59: Other low back pain

Billing for the Genicular Nerve Branches RFA have been a struggle since it was not too clear to us on how we should be billing for this service. The good news is, we have a new code for this effective January 1, 2020. New CPT 2020 Changes. New Pain Management 2020 Codes.
​
When your physician is performing an RFA on Genicular nerves, use code 64624 (Destruction by neurolytic agent of genicular nerve branches). Take note of the word "branches".

These changes are explained as follows:
Destruction by Neurolytic Agent (eg, Chemical, Thermal, Electrical or Radiofrequency), Chemodenervation on the Somatic Nerves

CPT CODE 64624 Destruction by neurolytic agent, genicular nerve branches including imaging guidance, when performed

(Do not report 64624 in conjunction with 64454 - Injection(s), anesthetic agent(s) and/or steroid; genicular nerve branches, including imaging guidance, when performed

Pay attention to this, the CPT 64624 requires the destruction of each of the following genicular nerve branches: (make sure your Provider had documented this!)

• superolateral
• superomedial
• inferomedial

If a neurolytic agent for the purposes of destruction is not applied to all of these nerve branches, you can report CPT 64624 but you MUST append the MODIFIER 52:

64624-52

What is Modifier 52?

Modifier 52 is usually used for reduced services. It may occur under certain circumstances that a service or procedure is partially reduced or eliminated at the physician’s discretion. There can be several reasons behind the physician’s decision. In this situation, service provided can be identified by its usual procedure number and the addition of the modifier 52, which indicates that the service was reduced.

Understanding the 3 Genicular Nerve Branches of 64624
Image Source: https://ainsworthinstitute.com/genicular-neurotomy/

What is the CPT code for  Knee Genicular Nerve Branches Block or Injection?​Understanding the 3 Genicular Nerve Branches of 64454
Source: https://ainsworthinstitute.com/genicular-neurotomy/
When your Physician is Blocking the Knee Genicular Nerves - here's your code: (pay attention with the imaging! it is included!).

CPT 64454 - Injection(s), anesthetic agent(s) and/or steroid; genicular nerve branches; (make sure your Provider had documented this!)

• superolateral
• superomedial
• inferomedial

If all 3 of these genicular nerve branches are not injected, report 64454 with Modifier;
64454-52

What is Modifier 52?
Modifier 52 is usually used for reduced services. It may occur under certain circumstances that a service or procedure is partially reduced or eliminated at the physician’s discretion. There can be several reasons behind the physician’s decision. In this situation, service provided can be identified by its usual procedure number and the addition of the modifier 52, which indicates that the service was reduced.

Article Source: CPT Assistant December 2019 page 8 Destruction by Neurolytic Agent (Genicular Injection; Radiofrequency Neurotomy Sacroiliac Joint) For Current Procedural Terminology
Got additional questions or concerns? call us today!
Billing Tip: Always make sure you understand and you know the Medical, Clinical, Utilization and Reimbursement Policy of your Payers.
Read other blog posts:HOW TO BILL FOR 20553 WITH 76942 ULTRASOUNDPAIN MANAGEMENT NERVE BLOCKS
​

January 1, 2020 - we now have a new Pain Management Code CPT 64625 - SI Ablation
Description of CPT Code 64625
Radiofrequency ablation, nerves innervating the sacroiliac joint, with imaging guidance (Fluoroscopic or Computed Tomography).
Keypoints to REMEMBER!

• Do not report 64625 in conjunction with 64635, 77002, 77003, 77012, 95873, 95874
• For radiofrequency ablation, nerves innervating the sacroiliac joint, with ultrasound,  use 76999
• For Bilateral procedure, append 50 Modifier with 64625

Need help? Contact our office today!

​This blog post provides a comprehensive guide on how to correctly bill for MILD (Minimally-Invasive Lumbar Decompression) procedures in the healthcare industry. With clear instructions and helpful tips, the post aims to assist healthcare providers in navigating the billing process, avoiding common errors, and maximizing reimbursements. Whether you are a physician, coder, or biller, this informative post from GoHealthcare Practice Solutions LLC can serve as a valuable resource for billing MILD procedures accurately and efficiently.

Some of my Pain Practice Offices are still confused on how to bill for MILD Procedure. As we all remember, there was no assigned CPT Code for this procedure, we used to report the unlisted code.

In this Blog, I will describe the billing and coding for this procedure using the Vertos Device (www.vertosmed.com

First, let's describe what is MILD? 

MILD stands for MINIMALLY INVASIVE LUMBAR DECOMPRESSION.

Physician Claim:

• Outpatient Hospital (POS 22)
• ASC (POS 24)

CPT Category III Code 0275T is billable when reported as patient participating in a clinical study.

The following information has to appear and included in your claim submission:

• Diagnosis Code (Primary: M48.062 - Spinal Stenosis, lumbar region with neurogenic claudication)
• Diagnosis Code (Secondary: Z00.6 - Encounter for examination for normal comparison and control in clinical research program
• National Clinical Trial (NCT) Number (enter on BOX 19) - 03072927 (number only if submission is by electronic. Enter CT03072927 if by paper submission.
• CPT Category III Modifier - Q0 (** this is the letter Q and the numerical number ZERO, not the letter O).
  

2022 GUIDANCE HOW TO BILL FOR MILD - MINIMALLY INVASIVE LUMBAR DECOMPRESSION BILLING GUIDANCE for the Procedure (NCTØ3Ø72927) - SOURCE VERTOS (SEE ATTACHMENT BELOW)

Video Source is owned by: VERTOS MED - www.vertosmed.com

Source reference: LCD ID L35936 Facet Joint Injections, Medial Branch Blocks, and Facet Joint Radiofrequency Neurotomy NGS Medicare Part B 
National Government Services, Inc. MAC - Part A 06101 - MAC A J - 06 Illinois
National Government Services, Inc. MAC - Part B 06102 - MAC B J - 06 Illinois
National Government Services, Inc. MAC - Part A 06201 - MAC A J - 06 Minnesota
National Government Services, Inc. MAC - Part B 06202 - MAC B J - 06 Minnesota
National Government Services, Inc. MAC - Part A 06301 - MAC A J - 06 Wisconsin
National Government Services, Inc. MAC - Part B 06302 - MAC B J - 06 Wisconsin
National Government Services, Inc. A and B and HHH MAC 13101 - MAC A J - K Connecticut
National Government Services, Inc. A and B and HHH MAC 13102 - MAC B J - K Connecticut
National Government Services, Inc. A and B and HHH MAC 13201 - MAC A J - K New York - Entire State
National Government Services, Inc. A and B and HHH MAC 13202 - MAC B J - K New York - Downstate
National Government Services, Inc. A and B and HHH MAC 13282 - MAC B J - K New York - Upstate
National Government Services, Inc. A and B and HHH MAC 13292 - MAC B J - K New York - Queens
National Government Services, Inc. A and B and HHH MAC 14111 - MAC A J - K Maine
National Government Services, Inc. A and B and HHH MAC 14112 - MAC B J - K Maine
National Government Services, Inc. A and B and HHH MAC 14211 - MAC A J - K Massachusetts
National Government Services, Inc. A and B and HHH MAC 14212 - MAC B J - K Massachusetts
National Government Services, Inc. A and B and HHH MAC 14311 - MAC A J - K New Hampshire
National Government Services, Inc. A and B and HHH MAC 14312 - MAC B J - K New Hampshire
National Government Services, Inc. A and B and HHH MAC 14411 - MAC A J - K Rhode Island
National Government Services, Inc. A and B and HHH MAC 14412 - MAC B J - K Rhode Island
National Government Services, Inc. A and B and HHH MAC 14511 - MAC A J - K Vermont
National Government Services, Inc. A and B and HHH MAC 14512 - MAC B J - K Vermont​

Reference: CPT Assistant Published on May 2020

Billing for the Genicular Nerve Branches RFA have been a struggle since it was not too clear to us on how we should be billing for this service. The good news is, we have a new code for this effective January 1, 2020. New CPT 2020 Changes. New Pain Management 2020 Codes.

When your physician is performing an RFA on Genicular nerves, use code 64624 (Destruction by neurolytic agent of genicular nerve branches). Take note of the word "branches".

These changes are explained as follows:
Destruction by Neurolytic Agent (eg, Chemical, Thermal, Electrical or Radiofrequency), Chemodenervation on the Somatic Nerves

CPT CODE 64624 Destruction by neurolytic agent, genicular nerve branches including imaging guidance, when performed

(Do not report 64624 in conjunction with 64454 - Injection(s), anesthetic agent(s) and/or steroid; genicular nerve branches, including imaging guidance, when performed

Pay attention to this, the CPT 64624 requires the destruction of each of the following genicular nerve branches: (make sure your Provider had documented this!)

• superolateral
• superomedial
• inferomedial

If a neurolytic agent for the purposes of destruction is not applied to all of these nerve branches, you can report CPT 64624 but you MUST append the MODIFIER 52:

64624-52

What is Modifier 52?

Modifier 52 is usually used for reduced services. It may occur under certain circumstances that a service or procedure is partially reduced or eliminated at the physician’s discretion. There can be several reasons behind the physician’s decision. In this situation, service provided can be identified by its usual procedure number and the addition of the modifier 52, which indicates that the service was reduced.

Here's the good news! Effective January 1, 2020, we now have a more specific code instead of using the "other peripheral" nerve block. 

Our 2020 Pain Management New Code is:

64451, Injection(s), anesthetic agent(s) and/or steroid; nerves innervating the sacroiliac joint, with image guidance (ie, fluoroscopy or CT computed tomography), should be reported once for this procedure. The fluoroscopic guidance should not be separately reported as it is included in the work described with code 64451.

​Guideline:
The same physician planned, at time of original surgery/procedure, a return trip to operating or procedure room within 10 or 90 day post op days



​

WHEN IT IS APPROPRIATE:

• Treatment of problem requiring a return to operating/procedure room
• More extensive than original procedure
• Unanticipated clinical condition
• Therapy following a diagnostic, surgical procedure                                
• Each case requires surgical documentation and evaluation

Modifier 58 appropriate for example; hardware removal was planned as part of therapeutic approach involving multiple, staged procedures to the surgical intervention

Physicians in same specialty, same group are to bill and are reimbursed as a single physician

Key to Remember!  Use modifier 78 (not 58!) for treatment problems unplanned requiring return trip to operating room

If hardware removed in unplanned surgery return for a complication, (e.g. infection of the wound site or rejection of the hardware itself), modifier 78 appropriate

It is NOT APPROPRIATE WHEN:

• Not appropriate for E/M - Evaluation and Management! or assistant surgery services

References:
CMS Medicare Website
Coding Books
​Payers Websites

Coding Billing for Medial and Lateral Nerve Blocks.

According to the AMA, the code series for medial branch blocks and the facet joint injections are the same (i.e., CPT series 64490-64495), with reporting based on the number of facet joints injected, not the number of nerves injected. 

For example: If three (3) medial branch nerves are injected only two (2) facet joint injection codes would be reported despite the fact that three nerves were injected, since each facet joint is connected to two medial nerves.

The lateral branch nerve is a peripheral nerve and would be reported with CPT code 64450, Injection, anesthetic agent; other peripheral nerve or branch, when a lateral branch nerve block is performed.

Please note: CPT code 64450 should only be reported per nerve or branch and not per injection.

CPT code 76942, Ultrasonic guidance for needle placement (e.g., biopsy, aspiration, injection, localization device), imaging supervision and interpretation, would be additionally reported when utilizing ultrasound guidance for certain nerve block procedures when it is not inherent in the primary procedure code.

The Different kinds or types of NERVE BLOCKS and what are they targeting:
   
NERVE BLOCKS: Brachial plexus block, elbow block, wrist block BODY AREAS: Shoulder, arm, hand, elbow, wrist)
NERVE BLOCKS: Cervical epidural, thoracic epidural, lumbar epidural block BODY AREAS: Neck, back
NERVE BLOCKS: Cervical plexus block, cervical paravertebral block BODY AREAS: Shoulder, upper neck   
NERVE BLOCKS: Maxillary nerve block BODY AREAS: Upper jaw  
NERVE BLOCKS: Ophthalmic nerve block BODY AREAS: Eyelids, scalp   
NERVE BLOCKS: Sphenopalatine nerve block BODY AREAS: Nose, palate   
NERVE BLOCKS: Subarachnoid block, Celiac plexus block BODY AREAS: Abdomen, pelvis   
NERVE BLOCKS: Supraorbital nerve block BODY AREAS: Forehead   
NERVE BLOCKS: Trigeminal nerve block BODY AREAS: Face

CPT 64490, 64493, 64495, 64633 - Billing and Coding for Facet Nerve Block and Nerve Ablation RFA

CPT CODE 64490 PARAVERTEBRAL FACET JOINT BILLING AND CODING WITH IMAGING GUIDANCEInjection(s), diagnostic or therapeutic agent, paravertebral facet (zygapophyseal) joint (or nerves innervating that joint) with image guidance (fluoroscopy or CT), cervical or thoracic; single level
64491 ----------- second level
64492 ----------- third and any additional level(s) level
CPT CODE 64493Injection(s), diagnostic or therapeutic agent, paravertebral facet (zygapophyseal) joint (or nerves innervating that joint) with image guidance (fluoroscopy or CT), lumbar or sacral; single level
64494 ----------- second level
64495 ----------- third and any additional level(s) level
​
FACET JOINT BILLING AND CODING WITH ULTRA-SOUND
0213T
Injection(s), diagnostic or therapeutic agent, paravertebral facet (zygapophyseal) joint (or nerves innervating that joint) with ultrasound guidance, cervical or thoracic; single level
....................................................................+ 0214T second level
....................................................................+ 0215T third and any additional level(s)
0216TInjection(s), diagnostic or therapeutic agent, paravertebral facet (zygapophyseal) joint (or nerves innervating that joint) with ultrasound guidance, lumbar or sacral; single level
..................................................................+ 0217T second level
..................................................................+ 0218T third and any additional level(s)
Billing and Coding for Radiofrequency Facet denervationCPT

CODE 64633
Destruction by neurolytic agent, paravertebral facet joint nerve(s), with imaging guidance (fluoroscopy or CT); cervical or thoracic, single facet joint'

+64634 cervical or thoracic, each additional facet joint (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)

CPT CODE 64635
Destruction by neurolytic agent, paravertebral facet joint nerve(s), with imaging guidance (fluoroscopy or CT); lumbar or sacral, single facet joint;

+64636 lumbar or sacral, each additional facet joint (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
​
Other Searched Keywords:
Billing and Coding for RFA of Facet Joint Nerves
Billing and Coding for Facet Joint AblationKey Points for CPT 64490, 64493, 64495, 64633 - Billing and Coding for Facet Nerve Block and Nerve Ablation RFA

These codes are unilateral

• Append Modifier 50 when its bilateral
• CPT 64490, 64493, 64495, 64633 are performed with Imaging Guidance; it's inappropriate to report these codes if its not with imaging guidance
• If its under ultra-sound, use the Category 3 Codes shown above
• You don't need Modifier 51 for the add-on codes +64491, +64496, +64634, +64636
• Place of Service applicable to POS 11, 24, 22

Let's look at these questions and answers:
#1 Question
"What are the appropriate code assignments when a patient receives 3 separate nerve blocks into the same lateral branch nerve? Would it be appropriate to report 3 units of this service?"
The right CPT code 64450, Injection, anesthetic agent; other peripheral nerve or branch, would be appropriately reported only once in this case since all 3 nerve blocks were administered to the same nerve or branch.

#2 Question
"We are getting conflicting information regarding coding medial and lateral branch blocks S1, S2, and S3, Medial 64493, 64494, Lateral 64493, and 64494. Our Pain Center wants to use facet injection for the medial branch block and other peripheral nerve for the lateral branch block. Are we correct in reporting lateral branch nerve block(s) to the peripheral nerve CPT code?" Yes, you are correct. The lateral branches of the dorsal sacral nerve plexus are considered peripheral nerves. Therefore, for the four lateral branch block injections at S1, S2, S3, and S4, report 4 units of CPT code 64450, Injection, anesthetic agent; other peripheral nerve or branch. Report multiple units of the injection for the four lateral branch block injections performed, modifier 59 would not be appended in this case.

# 3 Question
"A patient was seen at our facility and underwent a left-sided L5 and S1, S2, S3, and S4 lateral branch nerve block for diagnostic purpose with C-arm fluoroscopy. What are the correct codes for a lateral nerve block?"

So OK, ... based on the operative report a medial branch nerve block was performed at the L5 and a lateral branch nerve block was performed at the S1, S2, S3 and S4

Therefore, it would be appropriate to report CPT code 64493, Injection(s), diagnostic or therapeutic agent, paravertebral facet (zygapohphyseal) joint (or nerves innervating that joint) with image guidance (fluoroscopy or CT), lumbar or sacral, single level, for the L5 medial branch block.

For the 4 lateral branch block injections at S1, S2, S3, and S4, report 4 units of CPT code 64450, Injection, anesthetic agent; other peripheral nerve or branch.

References:
2017 / 2018 Coding Books (CPT is a Trademark and Owned by the American Medical Association)
AMA's CPT Assistant Archives
CMS Medicare Website (LMN, NCD/LCD, Manuals)
Commercial Payers Guidelines

Definition: Increased Procedural Service requiring work substantially greater than typically required.

The RIGHT WAY:

• Surgeries where services performed are significantly greater than usual. 
• Anatomical variants could be an appropriate use of the modifier. 
• Assistant at surgery claims where a procedure is significantly greater than usual. 
• Procedures having a global surgery indicator of 000, 010, or 090 on the Medicare Physician Fee Schedule Database (MPFSDB). 
• Procedures having a global period but not surgical services (i.e. 77761, 77777, 77782).

Inappropriate:

• Additional time alone does not justify the use of this modifier (very important to KNOW!)
• Do not use when there is an existing code to describe the service. 
• We may deny the claim when the documentation supports another existing code. 
• Do not use to indicate a specialist performed the service. 
• Not appropriate for an Evaluation and Management (E/M) service.
• Documentation

Indicate "additional information available upon request" in field 19 of the 1500 Claim Form.

When the modifier 22 is used, two separate documents will be required to support the claim: 

• An operative report; and 
• A separate statement indicating how the service differs from the usual

Important Information for Billing and Documentation

Based on Medicare's Guideline of which most payers does follow Medicare's Guideline. So pay attention on this:

If you append a 22 modifier to a procedure you will receive an Additional Documentation Request (ADR) letter requesting medical records to support the use of the 22 Modifier. It is important that both the operative report and a separate concise statement on why it was beyond the normal difficulty be returned with a copy of the ADR letter. Failure to submit the statement and documentation in a timely fashion will result in processing of the claim with the fee schedule rate for the same surgery submitted without the 22 modifier.

Documentation Tips:
When developing a separate statement avoid using a generalized statement. Comments like "patient was obese" or "surgery took longer than usual" or "multiple adhesions" lack specific details which identify why the procedure was beyond the normal difficulties that could be encountered with the procedure. Further, it is important that your operative note supports the statement on why the surgical procedure was beyond the ordinary range of difficulty.

Unassigned Claim
For unassigned claims, an increase in the limiting charge is allowed only when a charge above the fee schedule amount is justified.

Reference CMS Manual Instruction:
The CMS Internet-Only Manual (IOM) Publication 100-04, Chapter 12 , Section 20.4.6 shows the requirements for using this modifier.

Techniques:

• Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion (PLIF) * Incision is performed through a midline incision in the back

Image Source: https://www.slideshare.net/drpraveenktripathi/lumbar-interbody-fusion-indications-techniques-and-complications

• Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion (TLIF) * Incision is also performed through a midline incision in the back, only on the side of the spine, to access the vertebral body at an angle

​​Both Procedures (PLIF and TLIF) allows for an Anterior Interbody Fusion through a Posterior Approach. The Interbody space is part of the anterior column of the spine.

22630
Arthrodesis, posterior interbody technique, including laminectomy and/or discectomy to prepare interspace (other than for decompression), single interspace; lumbar
+22632
Each Additional interspace (list separately in addition to code for primary procedure code)
​
Here's what occurs when 22630 is performed:
The provider performs an arthrodesis, also known as spinal fusion, in the lumbar spine, or lower back, to permanently join two vertebrae, the interlocking bones of the spine. He excises the lamina and disk material and applies bone graft between the disks to fuse them. The procedure helps to alleviate persistent pain caused by various spinal conditions, including herniated intervertebral disks, stenosis, or spinal injuries.

Then, in 2012 
Code  22633 was introduced to to represent the combination of 22630 and 22612 Arthrodesis, posterior or posterolateral technique, single level; lumbar (with lateral transverse technique, when performed) at the same level.

22558
Arthrodesis, anterior interbody technique, including minimal discectomy to prepare interspace (other than for decompression); lumbar 
Remember: (For arthrodesis using pre-sacral interbody technique, see 22586, 0195T)
+22585
Arthrodesis, anterior interbody technique, including minimal discectomy to prepare interspace (other than for decompression); each additional interspace (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure) 
Remember: (Use 22585 in conjunction with 22554, 22556, 22558) 
(Do not report 22585 in conjunction with 63075, even if performed by a separate individual. To report anterior cervical discectomy and interbody fusion at the same level during the same session, use 22552)

Here's what occurs when 22558 is being performed:
The provider performs arthrodesis, also known as spinal fusion, in the lower back, to permanently join two vertebrae, the interlocking bones of the spine, to alleviate persistent pain caused by a herniated, or bulging, disk, or other spinal condition. He makes an incision in the abdomen to access the spine and remove disk material.

POSTERIOR INSTRUMENTATION:

Add-Code +22840 Posterior non-segmental instrumentation (eg, Harrington rod technique, pedicle fixation across 1 interspace, atlantoaxial transarticular screw fixation, sublaminar wiring at C1, facet screw fixation) (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
(Use 22840 in conjunction with 22100-22102, 22110-22114, 22206, 22207, 22210-22214, 22220-22224, 22310-22327, 22532, 22533, 22548-22558, 22590-22612, 22630, 22633, 22634, 22800-22812, 63001-63030, 63040-63042, 63045-63047, 63050-63056, 63064, 63075, 63077, 63081, 63085, 63087, 63090, 63101, 63102, 63170-63290, 63300-63307)

Add-On Code +22841 Internal spinal fixation by wiring of spinous processes (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)

Add-On Code +22842 Posterior segmental instrumentation (eg, pedicle fixation, dual rods with multiple hooks and sublaminar wires); 3 to 6 vertebral segments (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
Use 22842 in conjunction with 22100- 22102, 22110- 22114, 22206, 22207, 22210- 22214, 22220-22224, 22305-22327, 22532, 22533, 22548-22558, 22590-22612, 22630, 22633, 22634, 22800-22812, 63001-63030, 63040-63042, 63045-63047, 63050-63056, 63064, 63075, 63077, 63081, 63085, 63087, 63090, 63101, 63102, 63170-63290, 63300- 63307)Text has been updated

Add-On Code +22843 7 to 12 vertebral segments (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
(Use 22843 in conjunction with 22100- 22102, 22110-22114, 22206, 22207, 22210- 22214, 22220-22224, 22305-22327, 22532, 22533, 22548-22558, 22590-22612, 22630, 22633, 22634, 22800-22812, 63001-63030, 63040-63042, 63045-63047, 63050-63056, 63064, 63075, 63077, 63081,63085, 63087, 63090, 63101, 63102, 63170-63290,63300- 63307)Text has been updated

Add-On Code +22844 13 or more vertebral segments (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
(Use 22844 in conjunction with 22100- 22102, 22110-22114, 22206, 22207, 22210- 22214, 22220-22224, 22305-22327, 22532, 22533, 22548-22558, 22590-22612, 22630, 22633, 22634, 22800-22812, 63001-63030, 63040-63042, 63045-63047, 63050-63056, 63064, 63075, 63077, 63081, 63085, 63087, 63090, 63101, 63102, 63170-63290, 63300- 63307)

ANTERIOR INSTRUMENTATION
Add-On Code +22845 Anterior instrumentation; 2 to 3 vertebral segments (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
(Use 22845 in conjunction with 22100- 22102, 22110-22114, 22206, 22207, 22210- 22214, 22220-22224, 22305-22327, 22532, 22533, 22548-22558, 22590-22612, 22630, 22633, 22634, 22800-22812, 63001-63030, 63040-63042, 63045-63047, 63050-63056, 63064, 63075, 63077, 63081,63085, 63087, 63090, 63101, 63102, 63170-63290,63300- 63307)Text has been updated

Add-On Code +22846 4 to 7 vertebral segments (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
Use 22846 in conjunction with 22100- 22102, 22110-22114, 22206, 22207, 22210- 22214, 22220-22224, 22305-22327, 22532, 22533, 22548-22558, 22590-22612, 22630, 22633, 22634, 22800-22812, 63001-63030, 63040-63042, 63045-63047, 63050-63056, 63064, 63075, 63077, 63081, 63085, 63087, 63090, 63101, 63102, 63170-63290, 63300- 63307)Text has been updated

Add-On Code +22847 8 or more vertebral segments (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
(Use 22847 in conjunction with 22100-22102, 22110-22114, 22206, 22207, 22210-22214, 22220-22224, 22305-22327, 22532, 22533, 22548-22558, 22590-22612, 22630, 22633, 22634, 22800-22812, 63001-63030, 63040- 63042, 63045-63047, 63050-63056, 63064, 63075, 63077, 63081, 63085, 63087, 63090, 63101, 63102, 63170-63290,63300-63307)Text has been updated

Add-On Code +22848 Pelvic fixation (attachment of caudal end of instrumentation to pelvic bony structures) other than sacrum (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
(Use 22848 in conjunction with 22100- 22102, 22110-22114, 22206, 22207, 22210- 22214, 22220-22224, 22305-22327, 22532, 22533, 22548-22558, 22590-22612, 22630, 22633, 22634, 22800-22812, 63001-63030, 63040-63042, 63045-63047, 63050-63056, 63064, 63075, 63077, 63081, 63085, 63087, 63090, 63101, 63102, 63170-63290, 63300- 63307)​

22853
Insertion of interbody biomechanical device(s) (eg, synthetic cage, mesh) with integral anterior instrumentation for device anchoring (eg, screws, flanges), when performed, to intervertebral disc space in conjunction with interbody arthrodesis, each interspace (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure) 
Notes:
(Use 22853 in conjunction with 22100-22102, 22110-22114, 22206, 22207, 22210-22214, 22220-22224, 22310-22327, 22532, 22533, 22548-22558, 22590-22612, 22630, 22633, 22634, 22800-22812, 63001-63030, 63040-63042, 63045-63047, 63050-63056, 63064, 63075, 63077, 63081, 63085, 63087, 63090, 63101, 63102, 63170-63290, 63300-63307) 
(Report 22853 for each treated intervertebral disc space)

Code +22853 is one of several new codes within the spine section for the insertion of biomechanical devices that replace deleted code +22851 (Application of intervertebral biomechanical device[s] ...). The new add-on codes are more specific regarding the type and location of the biomechanical devices.

CPT® guidelines direct you to report +22853 for each treated intervertebral disc space.
Report +22853 in addition to the definitive procedure(s) since it is an add-on code.

Do not append modifier 62 (Two surgeons) to 22853.

The provider inserts a metallic cage or mesh device between two vertebrae and may use screws or flanges to attach it to the front part of the vertebrae; the device maintains the disc space, provides spinal stability, and yet preserves some range of motion, which helps relieve persistent pain caused by a herniated, or bulging, disk or other spinal condition. The provider performs this procedure during a spinal interbody arthrodesis procedure, which is fusion, or permanent joining, of vertebrae over the joint space.

Remember!
Code +22853 is an add–on code and must be reported with an appropriate primary procedure, such as 22548–22586 (Anterior or anterolateral approach technique arthrodesis procedures on the spine [vertebral column]), but there are many other codes that can be reported as a primary code.

Report one unit of this code for each interspace treated, not for the number of devices inserted. For example, if the provider inserts two cages into a single interspace, you report this code only once. If the provider inserts a device at two separate interspaces, e.g., between C3–4 and C5–6, then you would report this code twice.

This code is for the application of a device to expand or maintain an intervertebral disc space.

For a similar procedure to cover a defect created by removal of a vertebral body,
report 22854 (Insertion of intervertebral biomechanical device(s) [e.g., synthetic cage, mesh] with integral anterior instrumentation for device anchoring [e.g., screws, flanges], when performed, to vertebral corpectomy[ies] [vertebral body resection, partial or complete] defect, in conjunction with interbody arthrodesis, each contiguous defect [List separately in addition to code for primary procedure]).

For insertion of a similar device to treat an intervertebral disc space or vertebral body removal defect but without interbody fusion (arthrodesis), report 22859 (Insertion of intervertebral biomechanical device[s] [e.g., synthetic cage, mesh, methylmethacrylate] to intervertebral disc space or vertebral body defect without interbody arthrodesis, each contiguous defect [List separately in addition to code for primary procedure]).

20930
Allograft, morselized, or placement of osteopromotive material, for spine surgery only (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure) 
Notes:
(Use 20930 in conjunction with 22319, 22532, 22533, 22548-22558, 22590-22612, 22630, 22633, 22634, 22800-22812)

Here's what occurs when 20930 is being performed;
The provider applies small pieces of donor or synthetic bone graft material during a spinal surgery to encourage bone growth during the healing period. 

Coding Tip!
Code 20930 is an add on code and used for specified spinal procedures only.

Check with your payer to determine if 20930 can be billed separately or if the application of the bone graft material is included in the code for the primary surgical procedure. 

Do not append modifier 62 to bone graft codes 20900-20938. 

(For spinal surgery bone graft[s] see codes 20930-20938)

Check with your payer if you can separately report this code;

+20931
Allograft, structural, for spine surgery only (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure) 
Notes:
(Use 20931 in conjunction with 22319, 22532-22533, 22548-22558, 22590-22612, 22630, 22633, 22634, 22800-22812)
A provider uses a structural allograft, a type of donor bone, to fill in bony defects as she performs a spinal surgery procedure.

Coding Tips:
Code 20931 is an add on code describing application of structural allograft to spinal defects and must be reported with an allowable primary spinal procedure code.

Report 20930, Allograft, morselized, or placement of osteopromotive material, for spine surgery only, together with 20931 only in the case of a human donor who is a different person from the recipient.

You should never append modifier 50, Bilateral procedure, to 20931. The CMS Physician Fee Schedule Database includes a 9 indictor in the BILAT SURG column for this code. According to further CMS instructions, a 9 indicator in this column means that the concept of a bilateral surgery with spinal grafting does not apply.

+20936
Autograft for spine surgery only (includes harvesting the graft); local (eg, ribs, spinous process, or laminar fragments) obtained from same incision (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure) 
Notes:
(Use 20936 in conjunction with 22319, 22532, 22533, 22548-22558, 22590-22612, 22630, 22633, 22634, 22800-22812)

A provider uses an autograft, a type of donor bone, to fill in bony defects as she performs a spinal surgery procedure. She extracts the autograft from the patient’s own bone, taken from the same surgical incision.

Coding Tips:
Code 20936 is an add on code describing grafting from a donor area using the same incision during a major operative procedure and must be reported with an allowable primary spinal procedure code.

You should never append modifier 50, Bilateral procedure, to 20936. The CMS Physician Fee Schedule Database includes a 9 indictor in the BILAT SURG column for this code. According to further CMS instructions, a 9 indicator in this column means that the concept of a bilateral surgery with spinal grafting does not apply.

+20937
Autograft for spine surgery only (includes harvesting the graft); morselized (through separate skin or fascial incision) (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure) 
Notes:
(Use 20937 in conjunction with 22319, 22532, 22533, 22548-22558, 22590-22612, 22630, 22633, 22634, 22800-22812)

The provider uses an autograft, a type of donor bone, to fill in bony defects as she performs a spinal surgery procedure. She extracts the autograft from the patient’s own body during the surgical procedure, through a separate incision.

Coding Tips:
Code 20937 is an add on code describing preparation and application of a morselized autograft through a separate skin incision and must be reported with an allowable primary spinal procedure code.


*** A vertebral segment describes the basic constituent part into which the spine may be divided. It represents a single complete vertebral bone with its associated articular processes and laminae. A vertebral interspace is the non-bony compartment between two adjacent vertebral bodies which contains the intervertebral disc, and includes the nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosus, and two cartilaginous endplates. 

Autograft for spine surgery only (includes harvesting the graft); structural, bicortical or tricortical (through separate skin or fascial incision) (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure) 
Notes:
(Use 20938 in conjunction with 22319, 22532, 22533, 22548-22558, 22590-22612, 22630, 22633, 22634, 22800-22812) 

(For aspiration of bone marrow for bone grafting, spine surgery only, use 20939)

The provider uses an autograft, a type of donor bone, to fill in bony defects as she performs a spinal surgery procedure. She extracts the autograft from the patient's own body during the surgical procedure, through a separate incision.

Source: CPT®  Assistant July 1996 page 7
Coding Tip
Reporting Cosurgeries
"We receive many questions concerning how to report surgeries performed by more than one physician. To help you understand the proper coding we present the following information."
The General Question
"I am a general surgeon who sometimes performs surgeries with other surgeons (cosurgeries), such as orthopedic or neurosurgeons. I open the surgical site, the other surgeon does the definitive portion of the procedure, and then I close. What CPT codes should I report for my services? I have heard from some sources that I should bill for a thoracotomy and wound repair. But other sources have told me to report the same CPT codes as the other surgeon. Which is correct?

CPT® ​ASSISTANT'S REPLY:
Here's How to Code:
"For situations in which one surgeon performs the opening and closing of a surgery and another physician performs the definitive portion of the procedure, both physicians should report the same CPT codes, and appropriately append either modifier -62 or modifier -66."

Illustration
A patient's surgery includes arthrodesis of two interspaces of the thoracic spine by anterior interbody technique, with anterior instrumentation of three vertebral segments. Physician "A" performs a thoracotomy at the start of the surgical session, and Physician "B" performs the arthrodesis and spinal instrumentation. Upon completion of the arthrodesis and spinal instrumentation, Physician A closes the operative site. 
Coding the Illustration
(The physicians in the illustration would report the codes indicated below.)
Physician A       22556-62
Physician B       22556-62
22558-62
22558-62

22845-62
22845-62
When performing these cosurgeries, it is important to communicate with the other surgeon's office to be certain that you submit the claims properly

CPT®  Guideline September 1997 page 8
Coding Communication
How to Code Prosthetic Devices
It is not often that we devote an entire article to a single code, but sometimes this is the only way to fully explain the use of certain codes-22851, application of prosthetic device (eg, metal cages, methylmethacrylate) to vertebral defect or interspace, is such a code. But before we review how to report this code, it is probably a good idea to first do a brief anatomical review of the vertebral column.

The vertebral column (spine) consists of a series of bones known as vertebrae.


An adult human possesses 33 vertebrae divided into the following five types:

    7 cervical vertebrae;

    12 thoracic vertebrae;

    5 lumbar vertebrae;

    5 sacral vertebrae; and

    4 coccygeal vertebrae. 

The sacral vertebrae are typically fused into a single bone known as the sacrum. The coccygeal vertebrae are sometimes fused into a single bone known as the coccyx.

Therefore, the actual number of bones in the vertebral column may be 26-29, depending on if the coccygeal vertebrae are fused. Vertebrae are commonly named by a letter that corresponds to the region of the vertebral column to which the vertebrae belongs, followed by a number that indicates where in the region the vertebrae is located. For example, the most superior cervical vertebra is called C1, with the next cervical vertebrae down designated C2. The most superior thoracic vertebrae is T1, with the next one down designated T2.

Fig. 1 - Spinal Prosthetic Devices
Between each pair of vertebrae is a disc that cushions the spinal column. If one of the discs degenerates or if one of the 26-29 vertebrae are injured (as in the case of a fracture, degenerative disease, or secondary to tumor destruction) the physician may need to place a prosthetic device (eg, metal cages or methyl-methacrylate) in the vertebral defect or interspace. (Fig. 1) In these instances, a segment of vertebral level may be drilled and metal cages packed with porous implants of bone graft may be inserted or methylmethacrylate may be placed between the affected vertebrae.

Proper Reporting of code 22851
It is important to note that CPT®  code 22851 is not intended to be reported per cage.

CPT®  code 22851 should only be reported one time, regardless if one or more metal cages are placed in the intervertebral space at the same level. However, if metal cages are placed at two different levels, (eg, metal cage placed at L3-4 interspace and L5-S1 interspace), then 22851 may be reported more than once to indicate that one or more cages were placed at two or more different levels. It is important to note that a single cage or methylmethacrylate can cover a defect of several vertebral segments (eg, a single cage may replace three entire vertebrae), wherein code 22851 would still only be reported one time.

Within the spine section, instrumentation procedure codes (22840-22855) are reported in addition to the definitive procedure(s) without appending the modifier -51. Therefore, if arthrodesis is performed in addition to the placement of the metal cages, then it would be appropriate to report code 22851 in addition to the appropriate arthrodesis code, 22548-22632. In this instance, the modifier -51 would not be appended to code 22851. 

If metal cages are placed through an anterior approach and pedicle screws are placed through a posterior approach, it would be appropriate to report both code 22851 and one of the codes from the posterior instrumentation series, 22840, 22842-22844. However, if different instrumentation is used in addition to the metal cages or methylmethacrylate through the same approach (eg, an anterior plating system) or pedicle screws and posterior lumbar interbody fusion utilizing cages), then the appropriate instrumentation code would be reported in addition to code 22851. However, 22851 and 22845 should not both be reported if only the metal cage is inserted.
If fracture treatment, dislocation, or arthrodesis is performed in addition to spinal instrumentation, then the appropriate fracture treatment, dislocation or arthrodesis code (22325, 22326, 22327, 22548-22812) would be reported separately in addition to code 22851. In this instance, CPT®  code 22851 would be reported in addition to the definitive procedure(s) without the modifier -51 appended.
If bone grafting is performed in addition to code 22851, then the appropriate bone grafting code, 20930-20938, would be reported additionally.
Clinical Sample:
CPT® Code 22851
A 50-year-old man undergoes an anterior fusion of L5-S1 for degenerative disease. A retroperitoneal incision is made and an arthrodesis performed using a BAK cage. A distracter is placed in the interspace, a hole is drilled in the interspace, and the BAK cage is placed in the hole. The spacer is removed and replaced with another BAK cage. Both cages are filled with bone graft. (Report arthrodesis and/or bone grafting separately using the appropriate CPT code[s]).

The exposed disk space and adjacent vertebrae are prepared with bone-cutting instruments for acceptance of the prosthetic device. Preparation of the recipient site is made according to the protocol of the particular device. If methylmethacrylate is to be used, a screw or pin may be inserted into the adjacent vertebral surfaces to anchor the methylmethacrylate. Provision is made for cooling of adjacent tissues and protection of heat sensitive tissue from the exothermic reaction of the curing of the methylmethacrylate. For cages, the recipient site is prepared by bone dissection, a trial fit with the device or a spacer or template as indicated by the protocol is inserted and removed for any final modifications of the recipient site. The prosthetic device is then screwed, impacted, or injected into place according to protocol for this particular device. (Additional fixation, other provision for arthrodesis, or bone grafting are coordinated with the placement of the prosthetic device and are coded separately.) For devices that incorporate graft material, that material is appropriately placed into the device prior to its final insertion.

CPT®  ASSISTANT September 2000 page 10
Coding Consultation
Musculoskeletal System, Surgery, 22548-22585, 22899 (Q&A)

Question
"Should I use the anterior or anterolateral approach technique arthrodesis series of codes (22548-22585) to report intra-abdominal laparoscopic, video assisted anterior interbody fusion?"

AMA CPT®  Comment
"The anterior or anterolateral approach technique arthrodesis series of codes (22548-22585) are intended to describe arthrodesis performed via an open surgical approach. There is not a specific CPT code that accurately describes laparoscopic anterior interbody fusion. Therefore, code 22899, Unlisted procedure, spine should be reported. When reporting an unlisted code to describe a procedure or service, it will be necessary to submit supporting documentation (eg, procedure report) along with the claim to provide an adequate description of the nature, extent, need for the procedure, and the time limit, effort, and equipment necessary to provide the service."

CPT®  ASSISTANT March 2015 page 9
Frequently Asked Questions:Surgery: Musculoskeletal System

Question: "Are CPT codes 22851 and 22845 appropriate to report when modular implants, such as the RSB (RSB LLC; Cleveland, OH) InterPlate® (a modular interbody platform technology), are implanted for spinal fusion procedures?"

Answer:
"No. The RSB InterPlate® describes a stand-alone interbody fusion device that consists of an interbody spacer with screw fixation or other mechanisms, which engage adjacent vertebrae. Such devices should be reported with code 22558, Arthrodesis, anterior interbody technique, including minimal discectomy to prepare interspace (other than for decompression); lumbar, and 22851, Application of intervertebral biomechanical device(s) (eg, synthetic cage(s), methylmethacrylate) to vertebral defect or interspace (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure). An additional anterior instrumentation code (22845) is not applicable because there is no separate construct placed across the vertebral segment."

Question: "Would it be appropriate to separately report any of the following with the hammertoe correction code 28285 (2nd digit), if adequately documented? (1) Resection of hypertrophied base of proximal phalanx (28126), if performed through a separate incision at the metatarsophalangeal (MTP joint); (2) flexor tenotomy (28232) performed through a separate incision at the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint; (3) an additional unit of 28285 if K-wire is inserted through the DIP, MTP, or proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint."

Answer:
"No. Code 28126, Resection, partial or complete, phalangeal base, each toe; code 28232, Tenotomy, open, tendon flexor; toe, single tendon (separate procedure); and the insertion of K-wire through DIP, PIP, and MTP joints are all inclusive components of the procedure described by code 28285, Correction, hammertoe (eg, interphalangeal fusion, partial or total phalangectomy), and should not be reported separately."

References:
2020 AMA's CPT®  Guidelines
2019 AMA's CPT®  Guidelines
2018 AMA's CPT®  Guidelines
2017 AMA's CPT®  Guidelines
CPT® Assistant Archives

​Websites:
NASS
​Spine-Health
Medtronic
Ahima
AAPC
CMS
​All other commercial payers clinical guidelines from the public domains on the internet
​

The 2017 code set revises this code by removing moderate sedation, also called conscious sedation, from this procedure. Use of moderate (conscious) sedation is no longer considered an inherent (bundled) / part of the procedure and can now be reported separately.
Prior to the 2017 change, reimbursement for moderate (conscious) sedation was built into the compensation for the procedure as the anesthesia was administered by the same physician or other qualified health care professional who performed the procedure. This code included conscious sedation as an inherent part of providing the service and was not separately reportable. It has been recognized that practice patterns for some procedures have changed, with anesthesia increasingly reported separately by a provider separate from the one who performs the procedure. For this reason, CPT® 2017 unbundles moderate (conscious) sedation from hundreds of codes.
​To report moderate (conscious) sedation when provided by the same physician or other qualified health care professional who performs the procedure, see new CPT® 2017 codes 99151, 99152, or 99153. To report moderate (conscious) sedation services provided by a physician or other qualified health care professional other than the provider performing the procedure, see new CPT® 2017 codes 99155, 99156, or 99157. For 2017, existing CPT® codes for moderate sedation, 99143-99150, have been deleted.

0200T Percutaneous sacral augmentation (sacroplasty), unilateral injection(s), including the use of a balloon or mechanical device, when used, 1 or more needles, includes imaging guidance and bone biopsy, when performed
0201T Percutaneous sacral augmentation (sacroplasty), bilateral injections, including the use of a balloon or mechanical device, when used, 2 or more needles, includes imaging guidance and bone biopsy, when performed
0293T Insertion of left atrial hemodynamic monitor; complete system, includes implanted communication module and pressure sensor lead in left atrium
including transseptal access, radiological supervision and interpretation, and associated injection procedures, when performed
0294T Insertion of left atrial hemodynamic monitor; pressure sensor lead at time of insertion of pacing cardioverter-defibrillator pulse generator including radiological supervision and interpretation and associated injection procedures, when performed (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
0301T Destruction/reduction of malignant breast tumor with externally applied focused microwave, including interstitial placement of disposable catheter with combined temperature monitoring probe and microwave focusing sensocatheter under ultrasound thermotherapy guidance
0302T Insertion or removal and replacement of intracardiac ischemia monitoring system including imaging supervision and interpretation when performed and intra-operative interrogation and programming when performed; complete system (includes device and electrode)
0303T Insertion or removal and replacement of intracardiac ischemia monitoring system including imaging supervision and interpretation when performed and intra-operative interrogation and programming when performed; electrode only
0304T Insertion or removal and replacement of intracardiac ischemia monitoring system including imaging supervision and interpretation when performed and intra-operative interrogation and programming when performed; device only
0307T Removal of intracardiac ischemia monitoring device
0308T Insertion of ocular telescope prosthesis including removal of crystalline lens or intraocular lens prosthesis
0335T Extra-osseous subtalar joint implant for talotarsal stabilization
0340T Ablation, pulmonary tumor(s), including pleura or chest wall when involved by tumor extension, percutaneous, cryoablation, unilateral, includes imaging guidance
0397T Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), with optical endomicroscopy (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
10030 Image-guided fluid collection drainage by catheter (eg, abscess, hematoma, seroma, lymphocele, cyst), soft tissue (eg, extremity, abdominal wall, neck), percutaneous
20982 Ablation therapy for reduction or eradication of 1 or more bone tumors (eg, metastasis) including adjacent soft tissue when involved by tumor
extension, percutaneous, including imaging guidance when performed; radiofrequency
20983 Ablation therapy for reduction or eradication of 1 or more bone tumors (eg, metastasis) including adjacent soft tissue when involved by tumor
extension, percutaneous, including imaging guidance when performed; cryoablation
22510 Percutaneous vertebroplasty (bone biopsy included when performed), 1 vertebral body, unilateral or bilateral injection, inclusive of all imaging guidance; cervicothoracic
22511 Percutaneous vertebroplasty (bone biopsy included when performed), 1 vertebral body, unilateral or bilateral injection, inclusive of all imaging guidance; lumbosacral
22512 Percutaneous vertebroplasty (bone biopsy included when performed), 1 vertebral body, unilateral or bilateral injection, inclusive of all imaging guidance; each additional cervicothoracic or lumbosacral vertebral body (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
22513 Percutaneous vertebral augmentation, including cavity creation (fracture reduction and bone biopsy included when performed) using mechanical
device (eg, kyphoplasty), 1 vertebral body, unilateral or bilateral cannulation, inclusive of all imaging guidance; thoracic
22514 Percutaneous vertebral augmentation, including cavity creation (fracture reduction and bone biopsy included when performed) using mechanical
device (eg, kyphoplasty), 1 vertebral body, unilateral or bilateral cannulation, inclusive of all imaging guidance; lumbar
22515 Percutaneous vertebral augmentation, including cavity creation (fracture reduction and bone biopsy included when performed) using mechanical
device (eg, kyphoplasty), 1 vertebral body, unilateral or bilateral cannulation, inclusive of all imaging guidance; each additional thoracic or lumbar vertebral body (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
22526 Percutaneous intradiscal electrothermal annuloplasty, unilateral or bilateral including fluoroscopic guidance; single level
22527 Percutaneous intradiscal electrothermal annuloplasty, unilateral or bilateral including fluoroscopic guidance; 1 or more additional levels (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
31615 Tracheobronchoscopy through established tracheostomy incision
31622 Bronchoscopy, rigid or flexible, including fluoroscopic guidance, when performed; diagnostic, with cell washing, when performed (separate procedure)
31623 Bronchoscopy, rigid or flexible, including fluoroscopic guidance, when performed; with brushing or protected brushings
31624 Bronchoscopy, rigid or flexible, including fluoroscopic guidance, when performed; with bronchial alveolar lavage
31625 Bronchoscopy, rigid or flexible, including fluoroscopic guidance, when performed; with bronchial or endobronchial biopsy(s), single or multiple sites
31626 Bronchoscopy, rigid or flexible, including fluoroscopic guidance, when performed; with placement of fiducial markers, single or multiple
2017 Moderate Conscious Sedation Changes
31627 Bronchoscopy, rigid or flexible, including fluoroscopic guidance, when performed; with computer-assisted, image-guided navigation (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure[s])
31628 Bronchoscopy, rigid or flexible, including fluoroscopic guidance, when performed; with transbronchial lung biopsy(s), single lobe
31629 Bronchoscopy, rigid or flexible, including fluoroscopic guidance, when performed; with transbronchial needle aspiration biopsy(s), trachea, main stem and/or lobar bronchus(i)
31632 Bronchoscopy, rigid or flexible, including fluoroscopic guidance, when performed; with transbronchial lung biopsy(s), each additional lobe (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
31633 Bronchoscopy, rigid or flexible, including fluoroscopic guidance, when performed; with transbronchial needle aspiration biopsy(s), each additional lobe (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
31634 Bronchoscopy, rigid or flexible, including fluoroscopic guidance, when performed; with balloon occlusion, with assessment of air leak, with
administration of occlusive substance (eg, fibrin glue), if performed
31635 Bronchoscopy, rigid or flexible, including fluoroscopic guidance, when performed; with removal of foreign body
31645 Bronchoscopy, rigid or flexible, including fluoroscopic guidance, when performed; with therapeutic aspiration of tracheobronchial tree, initial (eg, drainage of lung abscess)
31646 Bronchoscopy, rigid or flexible, including fluoroscopic guidance, when performed; with therapeutic aspiration of tracheobronchial tree, subsequent
31647 Bronchoscopy, rigid or flexible, including fluoroscopic guidance, when performed; with balloon occlusion, when performed, assessment of air leak, airway sizing, and insertion of bronchial valve(s), initial lobe
31648 Bronchoscopy, rigid or flexible, including fluoroscopic guidance, when performed; with removal of bronchial valve(s), initial lobe
31649 Bronchoscopy, rigid or flexible, including fluoroscopic guidance, when performed; with removal of bronchial valve(s), each additional lobe (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
31651 Bronchoscopy, rigid or flexible, including fluoroscopic guidance, when performed; with balloon occlusion, when performed, assessment of air leak, airway sizing, and insertion of bronchial valve(s), each additional lobe (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure[s])
31652 Bronchoscopy, rigid or flexible, including fluoroscopic guidance, when performed; with endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) guided transtracheal and/or transbronchial sampling (eg, aspiration[s]/biopsy[ies]), one or two mediastinal and/or hilar lymph node stations or structures
31653 Bronchoscopy, rigid or flexible, including fluoroscopic guidance, when performed; with endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) guided transtracheal and/or transbronchial sampling (eg, aspiration[s]/biopsy[ies]), 3 or more mediastinal and/or hilar lymph node stations or structures
31654 Bronchoscopy, rigid or flexible, including fluoroscopic guidance, when performed; with transendoscopic endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) during bronchoscopic diagnostic or therapeutic intervention(s) for peripheral lesion(s) (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure[s])
31660 Bronchoscopy, rigid or flexible, including fluoroscopic guidance, when performed; with bronchial thermoplasty, 1 lobe
31661 Bronchoscopy, rigid or flexible, including fluoroscopic guidance, when performed; with bronchial thermoplasty, 2 or more lobes
31725 Catheter aspiration (separate procedure); tracheobronchial with fiberscope, bedside
32405 Biopsy, lung or mediastinum, percutaneous needle
32550 Insertion of indwelling tunneled pleural catheter with cuff
32551 Tube thoracostomy, includes connection to drainage system (eg, water seal), when performed, open (separate procedure)
32553 Placement of interstitial device(s) for radiation therapy guidance (eg, fiducial markers, dosimeter), percutaneous, intra-thoracic, single or multiple
33010 Pericardiocentesis; initial
33011 Pericardiocentesis; subsequent
33206 Insertion of new or replacement of permanent pacemaker with transvenous electrode(s); atrial
33207 Insertion of new or replacement of permanent pacemaker with transvenous electrode(s); ventricular
33208 Insertion of new or replacement of permanent pacemaker with transvenous electrode(s); atrial and ventricular
33210 Insertion or replacement of temporary transvenous single chamber cardiac electrode or pacemaker catheter (separate procedure)
33211 Insertion or replacement of temporary transvenous dual chamber pacing electrodes (separate procedure)
33212 Insertion of pacemaker pulse generator only; with existing single lead
33213 Insertion of pacemaker pulse generator only; with existing dual leads
33214 Upgrade of implanted pacemaker system, conversion of single chamber system to dual chamber system (includes removal of previously placed pulse
generator, testing of existing lead, insertion of new lead, insertion of new pulse generator)
33216 Insertion of a single transvenous electrode, permanent pacemaker or implantable defibrillator
33217 Insertion of 2 transvenous electrodes, permanent pacemaker or implantable defibrillator
33218 Repair of single transvenous electrode, permanent pacemaker or implantable defibrillator
33220 Repair of 2 transvenous electrodes for permanent pacemaker or implantable defibrillator
33221 Insertion of pacemaker pulse generator only; with existing multiple leads
33222 Relocation of skin pocket for pacemaker
33223 Relocation of skin pocket for implantable defibrillator
33227 Removal of permanent pacemaker pulse generator with replacement of pacemaker pulse generator; single lead system
33228 Removal of permanent pacemaker pulse generator with replacement of pacemaker pulse generator; dual lead system
33229 Removal of permanent pacemaker pulse generator with replacement of pacemaker pulse generator; multiple lead system
33230 Insertion of implantable defibrillator pulse generator only; with existing dual leads
33231 Insertion of implantable defibrillator pulse generator only; with existing multiple leads
33233 Removal of permanent pacemaker pulse generator only
33234 Removal of transvenous pacemaker electrode(s); single lead system, atrial or ventricular
33235 Removal of transvenous pacemaker electrode(s); dual lead system
33240 Insertion of implantable defibrillator pulse generator only; with existing single lead
2017 Moderate Conscious Sedation Changes
33241 Removal of implantable defibrillator pulse generator only
33244 Removal of single or dual chamber implantable defibrillator electrode(s); by transvenous extraction
33249 Insertion or replacement of permanent implantable defibrillator system, with transvenous lead(s), single or dual chamber
33262 Removal of implantable defibrillator pulse generator with replacement of implantable defibrillator pulse generator; single lead system
33263 Removal of implantable defibrillator pulse generator with replacement of implantable defibrillator pulse generator; dual lead system
33264 Removal of implantable defibrillator pulse generator with replacement of implantable defibrillator pulse generator; multiple lead system
33282 Implantation of patient-activated cardiac event recorder
33284 Removal of an implantable, patient-activated cardiac event recorder
33990 Insertion of ventricular assist device, percutaneous including radiological supervision and interpretation; arterial access only
33991 Insertion of ventricular assist device, percutaneous including radiological supervision and interpretation; both arterial and venous access, with transseptal puncture
33992 Removal of percutaneous ventricular assist device at separate and distinct session from insertion
33993 Repositioning of percutaneous ventricular assist device with imaging guidance at separate and distinct session from insertion
36010 Introduction of catheter, superior or inferior vena cava
36140 Introduction of needle or intracatheter; extremity artery
36200 Introduction of catheter, aorta
36221 Non-selective catheter placement, thoracic aorta, with angiography of the extracranial carotid, vertebral, and/or intracranial vessels, unilateral or bilateral, and all associated radiological supervision and interpretation, includes angiography of the cervicocerebral arch, when performed
36222 Selective catheter placement, common carotid or innominate artery, unilateral, any approach, with angiography of the ipsilateral extracranial carotid circulation and all associated radiological supervision and interpretation, includes angiography of the cervicocerebral arch, when performed
36223 Selective catheter placement, common carotid or innominate artery, unilateral, any approach, with angiography of the ipsilateral intracranial carotid circulation and all associated radiological supervision and interpretation, includes angiography of the extracranial carotid and cervicocerebral arch, when performed
36224 Selective catheter placement, internal carotid artery, unilateral, with angiography of the ipsilateral intracranial carotid circulation and all associated radiological supervision and interpretation, includes angiography of the extracranial carotid and cervicocerebral arch, when performed
2017 Moderate Conscious Sedation Changes
36225 Selective catheter placement, subclavian or innominate artery, unilateral, with angiography of the ipsilateral vertebral circulation and all associated radiological supervision and interpretation, includes angiography of the cervicocerebral arch, when performed
36226 Selective catheter placement, vertebral artery, unilateral, with angiography of the ipsilateral vertebral circulation and all associated radiological supervision and interpretation, includes angiography of the cervicocerebral arch, when performed
36227 Selective catheter placement, external carotid artery, unilateral, with angiography of the ipsilateral external carotid circulation and all associated radiological supervision and interpretation (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
36228 Selective catheter placement, each intracranial branch of the internal carotid or vertebral arteries, unilateral, with angiography of the selected vessel circulation and all associated radiological supervision and interpretation (eg, middle cerebral artery, posterior inferior cerebellar artery) (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
36245 Selective catheter placement, arterial system; each first order abdominal, pelvic, or lower extremity artery branch, within a vascular family
36246 Selective catheter placement, arterial system; initial second order abdominal, pelvic, or lower extremity artery branch, within a vascular family
36247 Selective catheter placement, arterial system; initial third order or more selective abdominal, pelvic, or lower extremity artery branch, within a vascular family
36248 Selective catheter placement, arterial system; additional second order, third order, and beyond, abdominal, pelvic, or lower extremity artery branch, within a vascular family (List in addition to code for initial second or third order vessel as appropriate)
36251 Selective catheter placement (first-order), main renal artery and any accessory renal artery(s) for renal angiography, including arterial puncture and catheter placement(s), fluoroscopy, contrast injection(s), image postprocessing, permanent recording of images, and radiological supervision and interpretation, including pressure gradient measurements when performed, and flush aortogram when performed; unilateral
36252 Selective catheter placement (first-order), main renal artery and any accessory renal artery(s) for renal angiography, including arterial puncture and catheter placement(s), fluoroscopy, contrast injection(s), image postprocessing, permanent recording of images, and radiological supervision and interpretation, including pressure gradient measurements when performed, and flush aortogram when performed; bilateral
36253 Superselective catheter placement (one or more second order or higher renal artery branches) renal artery and any accessory renal artery(s) for renal angiography, including arterial puncture, catheterization, fluoroscopy, contrast injection(s), image postprocessing, permanent recording of images, and radiological supervision and interpretation, including pressure gradient measurements when performed, and flush aortogram when performed; unilateral
36254 Superselective catheter placement (one or more second order or higher renal artery branches) renal artery and any accessory renal artery(s) for renal angiography, including arterial puncture, catheterization, fluoroscopy, contrast injection(s), image postprocessing, permanent recording of images, and radiological supervision and interpretation, including pressure gradient measurements when performed, and flush aortogram when performed; bilateral
36481 Percutaneous portal vein catheterization by any method
36555 Insertion of non-tunneled centrally inserted central venous catheter; younger than 5 years of age
36557 Insertion of tunneled centrally inserted central venous catheter, without subcutaneous port or pump; younger than 5 years of age
36558 Insertion of tunneled centrally inserted central venous catheter, without subcutaneous port or pump; age 5 years or older
36560 Insertion of tunneled centrally inserted central venous access device, with subcutaneous port; younger than 5 years of age
36561 Insertion of tunneled centrally inserted central venous access device, with subcutaneous port; age 5 years or older
36563 Insertion of tunneled centrally inserted central venous access device with subcutaneous pump
36565 Insertion of tunneled centrally inserted central venous access device, requiring 2 catheters via 2 separate venous access sites; without subcutaneous port or pump (eg, Tesio type catheter)
36566 Insertion of tunneled centrally inserted central venous access device, requiring 2 catheters via 2 separate venous access sites; with subcutaneous port(s)
36568 Insertion of peripherally inserted central venous catheter (PICC), without subcutaneous port or pump; younger than 5 years of age
2017 CPT Code Updates (New, Revised and Deleted) – Moderate Conscious Sedation Changes
36570 Insertion of peripherally inserted central venous access device, with subcutaneous port; younger than 5 years of age
36571 Insertion of peripherally inserted central venous access device, with subcutaneous port; age 5 years or older
36576 Repair of central venous access device, with subcutaneous port or pump, central or peripheral insertion site
36578 Replacement, catheter only, of central venous access device, with subcutaneous port or pump, central or peripheral insertion site
36581 Replacement, complete, of a tunneled centrally inserted central venous catheter, without subcutaneous port or pump, through same venous access
36582 Replacement, complete, of a tunneled centrally inserted central venous access device, with subcutaneous port, through same venous access
36583 Replacement, complete, of a tunneled centrally inserted central venous access device, with subcutaneous pump, through same venous access
36585 Replacement, complete, of a peripherally inserted central venous access device, with subcutaneous port, through same venous access
36590 Removal of tunneled central venous access device, with subcutaneous port or pump, central or peripheral insertion
37183 Revision of transvenous intrahepatic portosystemic shunt(s) (TIPS) (includes venous access, hepatic and portal vein catheterization, portography with hemodynamic evaluation, intrahepatic tract recanulization/dilatation, stent placement and all associated imaging guidance and documentation)
37184 Primary percutaneous transluminal mechanical thrombectomy, noncoronary, non-intracranial, arterial or arterial bypass graft, including fluoroscopic guidance and intraprocedural pharmacological thrombolytic injection(s); initial vessel
37185 Primary percutaneous transluminal mechanical thrombectomy, noncoronary, non-intracranial, arterial or arterial bypass graft, including fluoroscopic guidance and intraprocedural pharmacological thrombolytic injection(s); second and all subsequent vessel(s) within the same vascular family (List separately in addition to code for primary mechanical thrombectomy procedure)
37186 Secondary percutaneous transluminal thrombectomy (eg, nonprimary mechanical, snare basket, suction technique), noncoronary, non-intracranial,
arterial or arterial bypass graft, including fluoroscopic guidance and intraprocedural pharmacological thrombolytic injections, provided in conjunction with another percutaneous intervention other than primary mechanical thrombectomy (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
37187 Percutaneous transluminal mechanical thrombectomy, vein(s), including intraprocedural pharmacological thrombolytic injections and fluoroscopic
guidance
37188 Percutaneous transluminal mechanical thrombectomy, vein(s), including intraprocedural pharmacological thrombolytic injections and fluoroscopic
guidance, repeat treatment on subsequent day during course of thrombolytic therapy
37191 Insertion of intravascular vena cava filter, endovascular approach including vascular access, vessel selection, and radiological supervision and interpretation, intraprocedural roadmapping, and imaging guidance (ultrasound and fluoroscopy), when performed
37192 Repositioning of intravascular vena cava filter, endovascular approach including vascular access, vessel selection, and radiological supervision and interpretation, intraprocedural roadmapping, and imaging guidance (ultrasound and fluoroscopy), when performed
37193 Retrieval (removal) of intravascular vena cava filter, endovascular approach including vascular access, vessel selection, and radiological supervision and interpretation, intraprocedural roadmapping, and imaging guidance (ultrasound and fluoroscopy), when performed
37197 Transcatheter retrieval, percutaneous, of intravascular foreign body (eg, fractured venous or arterial catheter), includes radiological supervision and interpretation, and imaging guidance (ultrasound or fluoroscopy), when performed
37211 Transcatheter therapy, arterial infusion for thrombolysis other than coronary or intracranial, any method, including radiological supervision and interpretation, initial treatment day
37212 Transcatheter therapy, venous infusion for thrombolysis, any method, including radiological supervision and interpretation, initial treatment day
37213 Transcatheter therapy, arterial or venous infusion for thrombolysis other than coronary, any method, including radiological supervision and
interpretation, continued treatment on subsequent day during course of thrombolytic therapy, including follow-up catheter contrast injection, position change, or exchange, when performed
37214 Transcatheter therapy, arterial or venous infusion for thrombolysis other than coronary, any method, including radiological supervision and
interpretation, continued treatment on subsequent day during course of thrombolytic therapy, including follow-up catheter contrast injection, position change, or exchange, when performed; cessation of thrombolysis including removal of catheter and vessel closure by any method
37215 Transcatheter placement of intravascular stent(s), cervical carotid artery, open or percutaneous, including angioplasty, when performed, and
radiological supervision and interpretation; with distal embolic protection
37216 Transcatheter placement of intravascular stent(s), cervical carotid artery, open or percutaneous, including angioplasty, when performed, and
radiological supervision and interpretation; without distal embolic protection
37218 Transcatheter placement of intravascular stent(s), intrathoracic common carotid artery or innominate artery, open or percutaneous antegrade
approach, including angioplasty, when performed, and radiological supervision and interpretation
37220 Revascularization, endovascular, open or percutaneous, iliac artery, unilateral, initial vessel; with transluminal angioplasty
37221 Revascularization, endovascular, open or percutaneous, iliac artery, unilateral, initial vessel; with transluminal stent placement(s), includes angioplasty within the same vessel, when performed
37222 Revascularization, endovascular, open or percutaneous, iliac artery, each additional ipsilateral iliac vessel; with transluminal angioplasty (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
37223 Revascularization, endovascular, open or percutaneous, iliac artery, each additional ipsilateral iliac vessel; with transluminal stent placement(s), includes angioplasty within the same vessel, when performed (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
37224 Revascularization, endovascular, open or percutaneous, femoral, popliteal artery(s), unilateral; with transluminal angioplasty
37225 Revascularization, endovascular, open or percutaneous, femoral, popliteal artery(s), unilateral; with atherectomy, includes angioplasty within the same vessel, when performed
37226 Revascularization, endovascular, open or percutaneous, femoral, popliteal artery(s), unilateral; with transluminal stent placement(s), includes angioplasty within the same vessel, when performed
37227 Revascularization, endovascular, open or percutaneous, femoral, popliteal artery(s), unilateral; with transluminal stent placement(s) and atherectomy, includes angioplasty within the same vessel, when performed
37228 Revascularization, endovascular, open or percutaneous, tibial, peroneal artery, unilateral, initial vessel; with transluminal angioplasty
37229 Revascularization, endovascular, open or percutaneous, tibial, peroneal artery, unilateral, initial vessel; with atherectomy, includes angioplasty within the same vessel, when performed
37230 Revascularization, endovascular, open or percutaneous, tibial, peroneal artery, unilateral, initial vessel; with transluminal stent placement(s), includes angioplasty within the same vessel, when performed
37231 Revascularization, endovascular, open or percutaneous, tibial, peroneal artery, unilateral, initial vessel; with transluminal stent placement(s) and atherectomy, includes angioplasty within the same vessel, when performed
2017 Moderate Conscious Sedation Changes (continue reading below)

37232 Revascularization, endovascular, open or percutaneous, tibial/peroneal artery, unilateral, each additional vessel; with transluminal angioplasty (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
37233 Revascularization, endovascular, open or percutaneous, tibial/peroneal artery, unilateral, each additional vessel; with atherectomy, includes
angioplasty within the same vessel, when performed (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
37234 Revascularization, endovascular, open or percutaneous, tibial/peroneal artery, unilateral, each additional vessel; with transluminal stent placement(s), includes angioplasty within the same vessel, when performed (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
37235 Revascularization, endovascular, open or percutaneous, tibial/peroneal artery, unilateral, each additional vessel; with transluminal stent placement(s) and atherectomy, includes angioplasty within the same vessel, when performed (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
37236 Transcatheter placement of an intravascular stent(s) (except lower extremity artery(s) for occlusive disease, cervical carotid, extracranial vertebral or intrathoracic carotid, intracranial, or coronary), open or percutaneous, including radiological supervision and interpretation and including all angioplasty within the same vessel, when performed; initial artery
37237 Transcatheter placement of an intravascular stent(s) (except lower extremity artery(s) for occlusive disease, cervical carotid, extracranial vertebral or intrathoracic carotid, intracranial, or coronary), open or percutaneous, including radiological supervision and interpretation and including all angioplasty within the same vessel, when performed; each additional artery (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
37238 Transcatheter placement of an intravascular stent(s), open or percutaneous, including radiological supervision and interpretation and including angioplasty within the same vessel, when performed; initial vein
37239 Transcatheter placement of an intravascular stent(s), open or percutaneous, including radiological supervision and interpretation and including angioplasty within the same vessel, when performed; each additional vein (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
37241 Vascular embolization or occlusion, inclusive of all radiological supervision and interpretation, intraprocedural roadmapping, and imaging guidance necessary to complete the intervention; venous, other than hemorrhage (eg, congenital or acquired venous malformations, venous and capillary hemangiomas, varices, varicoceles)
37242 Vascular embolization or occlusion, inclusive of all radiological supervision and interpretation, intraprocedural roadmapping, and imaging guidance necessary to complete the intervention; arterial, other than hemorrhage or tumor (eg, congenital or acquired arterial malformations, arteriovenous malformations, arteriovenous fistulas, aneurysms, pseudoaneurysms)
37243 Vascular embolization or occlusion, inclusive of all radiological supervision and interpretation, intraprocedural roadmapping, and imaging guidance necessary to complete the intervention; for tumors, organ ischemia, or infarction
37244 Vascular embolization or occlusion, inclusive of all radiological supervision and interpretation, intraprocedural roadmapping, and imaging guidance necessary to complete the intervention; for arterial or venous hemorrhage or lymphatic extravasation
37252 Intravascular ultrasound (noncoronary vessel) during diagnostic evaluation and/or therapeutic intervention, including radiological supervision and interpretation; initial noncoronary vessel (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
37253 Intravascular ultrasound (noncoronary vessel) during diagnostic evaluation and/or therapeutic intervention, including radiological supervision and interpretation; each additional noncoronary vessel (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
43200 Esophagoscopy, flexible, transoral; diagnostic, including collection of specimen(s) by brushing or washing, when performed (separate procedure)
43201 Esophagoscopy, flexible, transoral; with directed submucosal injection(s), any substance
43202 Esophagoscopy, flexible, transoral; with biopsy, single or multiple
43204 Esophagoscopy, flexible, transoral; with injection sclerosis of esophageal varices
43205 Esophagoscopy, flexible, transoral; with band ligation of esophageal varices
43206 Esophagoscopy, flexible, transoral; with optical endomicroscopy
43211 Esophagoscopy, flexible, transoral; with endoscopic mucosal resection
43212 Esophagoscopy, flexible, transoral; with placement of endoscopic stent (includes pre- and post-dilation and guide wire passage, when performed)
43213 Esophagoscopy, flexible, transoral; with dilation of esophagus, by balloon or dilator, retrograde (includes fluoroscopic guidance, when performed)
43214 Esophagoscopy, flexible, transoral; with dilation of esophagus with balloon (30 mm diameter or larger) (includes fluoroscopic guidance, when
performed)
43215 Esophagoscopy, flexible, transoral; with removal of foreign body(s)
43216 Esophagoscopy, flexible, transoral; with removal of tumor(s), polyp(s), or other lesion(s) by hot biopsy forceps
43217 Esophagoscopy, flexible, transoral; with removal of tumor(s), polyp(s), or other lesion(s) by snare technique
43220 Esophagoscopy, flexible, transoral; with transendoscopic balloon dilation (less than 30 mm diameter)
43226 Esophagoscopy, flexible, transoral; with insertion of guide wire followed by passage of dilator(s) over guide wire
43227 Esophagoscopy, flexible, transoral; with control of bleeding, any method
43229 Esophagoscopy, flexible, transoral; with ablation of tumor(s), polyp(s), or other lesion(s) (includes pre- and post-dilation and guide wire passage, when performed)
43231 Esophagoscopy, flexible, transoral; with endoscopic ultrasound examination
43232 Esophagoscopy, flexible, transoral; with transendoscopic ultrasound-guided intramural or transmural fine needle aspiration/biopsy(s)
43233 Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, flexible, transoral; with dilation of esophagus with balloon (30 mm diameter or larger) (includes fluoroscopic guidance, when performed)
43235 Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, flexible, transoral; diagnostic, including collection of specimen(s) by brushing or washing, when performed (separate procedure)
43236 Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, flexible, transoral; with directed submucosal injection(s), any substance
43237 Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, flexible, transoral; with endoscopic ultrasound examination limited to the esophagus, stomach or duodenum, and
adjacent structures
43238 Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, flexible, transoral; with transendoscopic ultrasound-guided intramural or transmural fine needle aspiration/biopsy(s), (includes endoscopic ultrasound examination limited to the esophagus, stomach or duodenum, and adjacent structures)
43239 Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, flexible, transoral; with biopsy, single or multiple
43240 Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, flexible, transoral; with transmural drainage of pseudocyst (includes placement of transmural drainage
catheter[s]/stent[s], when performed, and endoscopic ultrasound, when performed)
43241 Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, flexible, transoral; with insertion of intraluminal tube or catheter
43242 Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, flexible, transoral; with transendoscopic ultrasound-guided intramural or transmural fine needle aspiration/biopsy(s) (includes endoscopic ultrasound examination of the esophagus, stomach, and either the duodenum or a surgically altered stomach where the jejunum is examined distal to the anastomosis)
43243 Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, flexible, transoral; with injection sclerosis of esophageal/gastric varices
43244 Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, flexible, transoral; with band ligation of esophageal/gastric varices
43245 Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, flexible, transoral; with dilation of gastric/duodenal stricture(s) (eg, balloon, bougie)
43246 Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, flexible, transoral; with directed placement of percutaneous gastrostomy tube
43247 Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, flexible, transoral; with removal of foreign body(s)
43248 Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, flexible, transoral; with insertion of guide wire followed by passage of dilator(s) through esophagus over guide wire
43249 Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, flexible, transoral; with transendoscopic balloon dilation of esophagus (less than 30 mm diameter)
43250 Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, flexible, transoral; with removal of tumor(s), polyp(s), or other lesion(s) by hot biopsy forceps
43251 Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, flexible, transoral; with removal of tumor(s), polyp(s), or other lesion(s) by snare technique
43252 Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, flexible, transoral; with optical endomicroscopy
43253 Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, flexible, transoral; with transendoscopic ultrasound-guided transmural injection of diagnostic or therapeutic
substance(s) (eg, anesthetic, neurolytic agent) or fiducial marker(s) (includes endoscopic ultrasound examination of the esophagus, stomach, and
either the duodenum or a surgically altered stomach where the jejunum is examined distal to the anastomosis)
43254 Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, flexible, transoral; with endoscopic mucosal resection
43255 Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, flexible, transoral; with control of bleeding, any method
43257 Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, flexible, transoral; with delivery of thermal energy to the muscle of lower esophageal sphincter and/or gastric cardia, for treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease
43259 Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, flexible, transoral; with endoscopic ultrasound examination, including the esophagus, stomach, and either the
duodenum or a surgically altered stomach where the jejunum is examined distal to the anastomosis
43260 Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP); diagnostic, including collection of specimen(s) by brushing or washing, when performed
(separate procedure)
43261 Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP); with biopsy, single or multiple
43262 Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP); with sphincterotomy/papillotomy
43263 Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP); with pressure measurement of sphincter of Oddi
43264 Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP); with removal of calculi/debris from biliary/pancreatic duct(s)
43265 Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP); with destruction of calculi, any method (eg, mechanical, electrohydraulic, lithotripsy)
43266 Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, flexible, transoral; with placement of endoscopic stent (includes pre- and post-dilation and guide wire passage, when performed)
43270 Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, flexible, transoral; with ablation of tumor(s), polyp(s), or other lesion(s) (includes pre- and post-dilation and guide wire passage, when performed)
43273 Endoscopic cannulation of papilla with direct visualization of pancreatic/common bile duct(s) (List separately in addition to code(s) for primary procedure)
43274 Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP); with placement of endoscopic stent into biliary or pancreatic duct, including pre- and postdilation
and guide wire passage, when performed, including sphincterotomy, when performed, each stent
43275 Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP); with removal of foreign body(s) or stent(s) from biliary/pancreatic duct(s)
43276 Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP); with removal and exchange of stent(s), biliary or pancreatic duct, including pre- and postdilation
and guide wire passage, when performed, including sphincterotomy, when performed, each stent exchanged
43277 Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP); with trans-endoscopic balloon dilation of biliary/pancreatic duct(s) or of ampulla
(sphincteroplasty), including sphincterotomy, when performed, each duct
43278 Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP); with ablation of tumor(s), polyp(s), or other lesion(s), including pre- and post-dilation and guide wire passage, when performed
43453 Dilation of esophagus, over guide wire
44360 Small intestinal endoscopy, enteroscopy beyond second portion of duodenum, not including ileum; diagnostic, including collection of specimen(s) by brushing or washing, when performed (separate procedure)
44361 Small intestinal endoscopy, enteroscopy beyond second portion of duodenum, not including ileum; with biopsy, single or multiple
44363 Small intestinal endoscopy, enteroscopy beyond second portion of duodenum, not including ileum; with removal of foreign body(s)
44364 Small intestinal endoscopy, enteroscopy beyond second portion of duodenum, not including ileum; with removal of tumor(s), polyp(s), or other
lesion(s) by snare technique
44365 Small intestinal endoscopy, enteroscopy beyond second portion of duodenum, not including ileum; with removal of tumor(s), polyp(s), or other
lesion(s) by hot biopsy forceps or bipolar cautery
44366 Small intestinal endoscopy, enteroscopy beyond second portion of duodenum, not including ileum; with control of bleeding (eg, injection, bipolar
cautery, unipolar cautery, laser, heater probe, stapler, plasma coagulator)
44369 Small intestinal endoscopy, enteroscopy beyond second portion of duodenum, not including ileum; with ablation of tumor(s), polyp(s), or other
lesion(s) not amenable to removal by hot biopsy forceps, bipolar cautery or snare technique
44370 Small intestinal endoscopy, enteroscopy beyond second portion of duodenum, not including ileum; with transendoscopic stent placement (includes
predilation)
44372 Small intestinal endoscopy, enteroscopy beyond second portion of duodenum, not including ileum; with placement of percutaneous jejunostomy tube
44373 Small intestinal endoscopy, enteroscopy beyond second portion of duodenum, not including ileum; with conversion of percutaneous gastrostomy tube to percutaneous jejunostomy tube
44376 Small intestinal endoscopy, enteroscopy beyond second portion of duodenum, including ileum; diagnostic, with or without collection of specimen(s) by brushing or washing (separate procedure)
44377 Small intestinal endoscopy, enteroscopy beyond second portion of duodenum, including ileum; with biopsy, single or multiple
2017 Moderate Conscious Sedation Changes
44378 Small intestinal endoscopy, enteroscopy beyond second portion of duodenum, including ileum; with control of bleeding (eg, injection, bipolar cautery, unipolar cautery, laser, heater probe, stapler, plasma coagulator)
44379 Small intestinal endoscopy, enteroscopy beyond second portion of duodenum, including ileum; with transendoscopic stent placement (includes
predilation)
44380 Ileoscopy, through stoma; diagnostic, including collection of specimen(s) by brushing or washing, when performed (separate procedure)
44381 Ileoscopy, through stoma; with transendoscopic balloon dilation
44382 Ileoscopy, through stoma; with biopsy, single or multiple
44384 Ileoscopy, through stoma; with placement of endoscopic stent (includes pre- and post-dilation and guide wire passage, when performed)
44385 Endoscopic evaluation of small intestinal pouch (eg, Kock pouch, ileal reservoir [S or J]); diagnostic, including collection of specimen(s) by brushing or washing, when performed (separate procedure)
44386 Endoscopic evaluation of small intestinal pouch (eg, Kock pouch, ileal reservoir [S or J]); with biopsy, single or multiple
44388 Colonoscopy through stoma; diagnostic, including collection of specimen(s) by brushing or washing, when performed (separate procedure)
44389 Colonoscopy through stoma; with biopsy, single or multiple
44390 Colonoscopy through stoma; with removal of foreign body(s)
44391 Colonoscopy through stoma; with control of bleeding, any method
44392 Colonoscopy through stoma; with removal of tumor(s), polyp(s), or other lesion(s) by hot biopsy forceps
44394 Colonoscopy through stoma; with removal of tumor(s), polyp(s), or other lesion(s) by snare technique
44401 Colonoscopy through stoma; with ablation of tumor(s), polyp(s), or other lesion(s) (includes pre-and post-dilation and guide wire passage, when performed)
44402 Colonoscopy through stoma; with endoscopic stent placement (including pre- and post-dilation and guide wire passage, when performed)
44403 Colonoscopy through stoma; with endoscopic mucosal resection
44404 Colonoscopy through stoma; with directed submucosal injection(s), any substance
44405 Colonoscopy through stoma; with transendoscopic balloon dilation
44406 Colonoscopy through stoma; with endoscopic ultrasound examination, limited to the sigmoid, descending, transverse, or ascending colon and cecum and adjacent structures
44407 Colonoscopy through stoma; with transendoscopic ultrasound guided intramural or transmural fine needle aspiration/biopsy(s), includes endoscopic
ultrasound examination limited to the sigmoid, descending, transverse, or ascending colon and cecum and adjacent structures
44408 Colonoscopy through stoma; with decompression (for pathologic distention) (eg, volvulus, megacolon), including placement of decompression tube, when performed
44500 Introduction of long gastrointestinal tube (eg, Miller-Abbott) (separate procedure)
45303 Proctosigmoidoscopy, rigid; with dilation (eg, balloon, guide wire, bougie)
45305 Proctosigmoidoscopy, rigid; with biopsy, single or multiple
45307 Proctosigmoidoscopy, rigid; with removal of foreign body
45308 Proctosigmoidoscopy, rigid; with removal of single tumor, polyp, or other lesion by hot biopsy forceps or bipolar cautery
45309 Proctosigmoidoscopy, rigid; with removal of single tumor, polyp, or other lesion by snare technique
45315 Proctosigmoidoscopy, rigid; with removal of multiple tumors, polyps, or other lesions by hot biopsy forceps, bipolar cautery or snare technique
45317 Proctosigmoidoscopy, rigid; with control of bleeding (eg, injection, bipolar cautery, unipolar cautery, laser, heater probe, stapler, plasma coagulator)
2017 Moderate Conscious Sedation Changes45320 Proctosigmoidoscopy, rigid; with ablation of tumor(s), polyp(s), or other lesion(s) not amenable to removal by hot biopsy forceps, bipolar cautery or snare technique (eg, laser)
45321 Proctosigmoidoscopy, rigid; with decompression of volvulus
45327 Proctosigmoidoscopy, rigid; with transendoscopic stent placement (includes predilation)
45332 Sigmoidoscopy, flexible; with removal of foreign body(s)
45333 Sigmoidoscopy, flexible; with removal of tumor(s), polyp(s), or other lesion(s) by hot biopsy forceps
45334 Sigmoidoscopy, flexible; with control of bleeding, any method
45335 Sigmoidoscopy, flexible; with directed submucosal injection(s), any substance
45337 Sigmoidoscopy, flexible; with decompression (for pathologic distention) (eg, volvulus, megacolon), including placement of decompression tube, when performed
45338 Sigmoidoscopy, flexible; with removal of tumor(s), polyp(s), or other lesion(s) by snare technique
45340 Sigmoidoscopy, flexible; with transendoscopic balloon dilation
45341 Sigmoidoscopy, flexible; with endoscopic ultrasound examination
45342 Sigmoidoscopy, flexible; with transendoscopic ultrasound guided intramural or transmural fine needle aspiration/biopsy(s)
45346 Sigmoidoscopy, flexible; with ablation of tumor(s), polyp(s), or other lesion(s) (includes pre- and post-dilation and guide wire passage, when
performed)
45347 Sigmoidoscopy, flexible; with placement of endoscopic stent (includes pre- and post-dilation and guide wire passage, when performed)
45349 Sigmoidoscopy, flexible; with endoscopic mucosal resection
45350 Sigmoidoscopy, flexible; with band ligation(s) (eg, hemorrhoids)
45378 Colonoscopy, flexible; diagnostic, including collection of specimen(s) by brushing or washing, when performed (separate procedure)
45379 Colonoscopy, flexible; with removal of foreign body(s)
45380 Colonoscopy, flexible; with biopsy, single or multiple
45381 Colonoscopy, flexible; with directed submucosal injection(s), any substance
45382 Colonoscopy, flexible; with control of bleeding, any method
45384 Colonoscopy, flexible; with removal of tumor(s), polyp(s), or other lesion(s) by hot biopsy forceps
45385 Colonoscopy, flexible; with removal of tumor(s), polyp(s), or other lesion(s) by snare technique
45386 Colonoscopy, flexible; with transendoscopic balloon dilation
45388 Colonoscopy, flexible; with ablation of tumor(s), polyp(s), or other lesion(s) (includes pre- and post-dilation and guide wire passage, when performed)
45389 Colonoscopy, flexible; with endoscopic stent placement (includes pre- and post-dilation and guide wire passage, when performed)
45390 Colonoscopy, flexible; with endoscopic mucosal resection
45391 Colonoscopy, flexible; with endoscopic ultrasound examination limited to the rectum, sigmoid, descending, transverse, or ascending colon and
cecum, and adjacent structures
45392 Colonoscopy, flexible; with transendoscopic ultrasound guided intramural or transmural fine needle aspiration/biopsy(s), includes endoscopic
ultrasound examination limited to the rectum, sigmoid, descending, transverse, or ascending colon and cecum, and adjacent structures
45393 Colonoscopy, flexible; with decompression (for pathologic distention) (eg, volvulus, megacolon), including placement of decompression tube, when performed
45398 Colonoscopy, flexible; with band ligation(s) (eg, hemorrhoids)
2017 Moderate Conscious Sedation Changes (continue reading below)
47000 Biopsy of liver, needle; percutaneous
47382 Ablation, 1 or more liver tumor(s), percutaneous, radiofrequency
47383 Ablation, 1 or more liver tumor(s), percutaneous, cryoablation
47532 Injection procedure for cholangiography, percutaneous, complete diagnostic procedure including imaging guidance (eg, ultrasound and/or
fluoroscopy) and all associated radiological supervision and interpretation; new access (eg, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiogram)
47533 Placement of biliary drainage catheter, percutaneous, including diagnostic cholangiography when performed, imaging guidance (eg, ultrasound
and/or fluoroscopy), and all associated radiological supervision and interpretation; external
47534 Placement of biliary drainage catheter, percutaneous, including diagnostic cholangiography when performed, imaging guidance (eg, ultrasound
and/or fluoroscopy), and all associated radiological supervision and interpretation; internal-external
47535 Conversion of external biliary drainage catheter to internal-external biliary drainage catheter, percutaneous, including diagnostic cholangiography
when performed, imaging guidance (eg, fluoroscopy), and all associated radiological supervision and interpretation
47536 Exchange of biliary drainage catheter (eg, external, internal-external, or conversion of internal-external to external only), percutaneous, including
diagnostic cholangiography when performed, imaging guidance (eg, fluoroscopy), and all associated radiological supervision and interpretation
47541 Placement of access through the biliary tree and into small bowel to assist with an endoscopic biliary procedure (eg, rendezvous procedure),
percutaneous, including diagnostic cholangiography when performed, imaging guidance (eg, ultrasound and/or fluoroscopy), and all associated
radiological supervision and interpretation, new access
47542 Balloon dilation of biliary duct(s) or of ampulla (sphincteroplasty), percutaneous, including imaging guidance (eg, fluoroscopy), and all associated
radiological supervision and interpretation, each duct (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
47543 Endoluminal biopsy(ies) of biliary tree, percutaneous, any method(s) (eg, brush, forceps, and/or needle), including imaging guidance (eg,
fluoroscopy), and all associated radiological supervision and interpretation, single or multiple (List separately in addition to code for primary
procedure)
47544 Removal of calculi/debris from biliary duct(s) and/or gallbladder, percutaneous, including destruction of calculi by any method (eg, mechanical,
electrohydraulic, lithotripsy) when performed, imaging guidance (eg, fluoroscopy), and all associated radiological supervision and interpretation (List
separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
49405 Image-guided fluid collection drainage by catheter (eg, abscess, hematoma, seroma, lymphocele, cyst); visceral (eg, kidney, liver, spleen, lung/mediastinum), percutaneous
49406 Image-guided fluid collection drainage by catheter (eg, abscess, hematoma, seroma, lymphocele, cyst); peritoneal or retroperitoneal, percutaneous
49407 Image-guided fluid collection drainage by catheter (eg, abscess, hematoma, seroma, lymphocele, cyst); peritoneal or retroperitoneal, transvaginal or
transrectal
49411 Placement of interstitial device(s) for radiation therapy guidance (eg, fiducial markers, dosimeter), percutaneous, intra-abdominal, intra-pelvic (except prostate), and/or retroperitoneum, single or multiple
49418 Insertion of tunneled intraperitoneal catheter (eg, dialysis, intraperitoneal chemotherapy instillation, management of ascites), complete procedure,
including imaging guidance, catheter placement, contrast injection when performed, and radiological supervision and interpretation, percutaneous
49440 Insertion of gastrostomy tube, percutaneous, under fluoroscopic guidance including contrast injection(s), image documentation and report
49441 Insertion of duodenostomy or jejunostomy tube, percutaneous, under fluoroscopic guidance including contrast injection(s), image documentation and report
49442 Insertion of cecostomy or other colonic tube, percutaneous, under fluoroscopic guidance including contrast injection(s), image documentation and report
49446 Conversion of gastrostomy tube to gastro-jejunostomy tube, percutaneous, under fluoroscopic guidance including contrast injection(s), image
documentation and report
50200 Renal biopsy; percutaneous, by trocar or needle
50382 Removal (via snare/capture) and replacement of internally dwelling ureteral stent via percutaneous approach, including radiological supervision and interpretation
50384 Removal (via snare/capture) of internally dwelling ureteral stent via percutaneous approach, including radiological supervision and interpretation
50385 Removal (via snare/capture) and replacement of internally dwelling ureteral stent via transurethral approach, without use of cystoscopy, including radiological supervision and interpretation
50386 Removal (via snare/capture) of internally dwelling ureteral stent via transurethral approach, without use of cystoscopy, including radiological supervision and interpretation
50387 Removal and replacement of externally accessible nephroureteral catheter (eg, external/internal stent) requiring fluoroscopic guidance, including radiological supervision and interpretation
50430 Injection procedure for antegrade nephrostogram and/or ureterogram, complete diagnostic procedure including imaging guidance (eg, ultrasound and fluoroscopy) and all associated radiological supervision and interpretation; new access
50432 Placement of nephrostomy catheter, percutaneous, including diagnostic nephrostogram and/or ureterogram when performed, imaging guidance (eg, ultrasound and/or fluoroscopy) and all associated radiological supervision and interpretation
50433 Placement of nephroureteral catheter, percutaneous, including diagnostic nephrostogram and/or ureterogram when performed, imaging guidance (eg, ultrasound and/or fluoroscopy) and all associated radiological supervision and interpretation, new access
50434 Convert nephrostomy catheter to nephroureteral catheter, percutaneous, including diagnostic nephrostogram and/or ureterogram when performed,
imaging guidance (eg, ultrasound and/or fluoroscopy) and all associated radiological supervision and interpretation, via pre-existing nephrostomy tract
50592 Ablation, 1 or more renal tumor(s), percutaneous, unilateral, radiofrequency
50593 Ablation, renal tumor(s), unilateral, percutaneous, cryotherapy
50606 Endoluminal biopsy of ureter and/or renal pelvis, non-endoscopic, including imaging guidance (eg, ultrasound and/or fluoroscopy) and all associated
radiological supervision and interpretation (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
50693 Placement of ureteral stent, percutaneous, including diagnostic nephrostogram and/or ureterogram when performed, imaging guidance (eg, ultrasound and/or fluoroscopy), and all associated radiological supervision and interpretation; pre-existing nephrostomy tract
50694 Placement of ureteral stent, percutaneous, including diagnostic nephrostogram and/or ureterogram when performed, imaging guidance (eg, ultrasound and/or fluoroscopy), and all associated radiological supervision and interpretation; new access, without separate nephrostomy catheter
50695 Placement of ureteral stent, percutaneous, including diagnostic nephrostogram and/or ureterogram when performed, imaging guidance (eg, ultrasound and/or fluoroscopy), and all associated radiological supervision and interpretation; new access, with separate nephrostomy catheter
50705 Ureteral embolization or occlusion, including imaging guidance (eg, ultrasound and/or fluoroscopy) and all associated radiological supervision and interpretation (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
50706 Balloon dilation, ureteral stricture, including imaging guidance (eg, ultrasound and/or fluoroscopy) and all associated radiological supervision and interpretation (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
57155 Insertion of uterine tandem and/or vaginal ovoids for clinical brachytherapy
66720 Ciliary body destruction; cryotherapy
69300 Otoplasty, protruding ear, with or without size reduction
77371 Radiation treatment delivery, stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), complete course of treatment of cranial lesion(s) consisting of 1 session; multi-source Cobalt 60 based
77600 Hyperthermia, externally generated; superficial (ie, heating to a depth of 4 cm or less)
77605 Hyperthermia, externally generated; deep (ie, heating to depths greater than 4 cm)
77610 Hyperthermia generated by interstitial probe(s); 5 or fewer interstitial applicators
77615 Hyperthermia generated by interstitial probe(s); more than 5 interstitial applicators
92920 Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty; single major coronary artery or branch
92921 Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty; each additional branch of a major coronary artery (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
92924 Percutaneous transluminal coronary atherectomy, with coronary angioplasty when performed; single major coronary artery or branch
92925 Percutaneous transluminal coronary atherectomy, with coronary angioplasty when performed; each additional branch of a major coronary artery (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
92928 Percutaneous transcatheter placement of intracoronary stent(s), with coronary angioplasty when performed; single major coronary artery or branch
92929 Percutaneous transcatheter placement of intracoronary stent(s), with coronary angioplasty when performed; each additional branch of a major coronary artery (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
92933 Percutaneous transluminal coronary atherectomy, with intracoronary stent, with coronary angioplasty when performed; single major coronary artery or branch
92934 Percutaneous transluminal coronary atherectomy, with intracoronary stent, with coronary angioplasty when performed; each additional branch of a major coronary artery (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
92937 Percutaneous transluminal revascularization of or through coronary artery bypass graft (internal mammary, free arterial, venous), any combination of intracoronary stent, atherectomy and angioplasty, including distal protection when performed; single vessel
92938 Percutaneous transluminal revascularization of or through coronary artery bypass graft (internal mammary, free arterial, venous), any combination of intracoronary stent, atherectomy and angioplasty, including distal protection when performed; each additional branch subtended by the bypass graft (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
92941 Percutaneous transluminal revascularization of acute total/subtotal occlusion during acute myocardial infarction, coronary artery or coronary artery bypass graft, any combination of intracoronary stent, atherectomy and angioplasty, including aspiration thrombectomy when performed, single vessel
92943 Percutaneous transluminal revascularization of chronic total occlusion, coronary artery, coronary artery branch, or coronary artery bypass graft, any combination of intracoronary stent, atherectomy and angioplasty; single vessel
92944 Percutaneous transluminal revascularization of chronic total occlusion, coronary artery, coronary artery branch, or coronary artery bypass graft, any combination of intracoronary stent, atherectomy and angioplasty; each additional coronary artery, coronary artery branch, or bypass graft (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
92953 Temporary transcutaneous pacing
92960 Cardioversion, elective, electrical conversion of arrhythmia; external
92961 Cardioversion, elective, electrical conversion of arrhythmia; internal (separate procedure)
92973 Percutaneous transluminal coronary thrombectomy mechanical (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
92974 Transcatheter placement of radiation delivery device for subsequent coronary intravascular brachytherapy (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
92975 Thrombolysis, coronary; by intracoronary infusion, including selective coronary angiography
92986 Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty; aortic valve
92987 Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty; mitral valve
93312 Echocardiography, transesophageal, real-time with image documentation (2D) (with or without M-mode recording); including probe placement, image acquisition, interpretation and report
93313 Echocardiography, transesophageal, real-time with image documentation (2D) (with or without M-mode recording); placement of transesophageal probe only
93314 Echocardiography, transesophageal, real-time with image documentation (2D) (with or without M-mode recording); image acquisition, interpretation and report only
93315 Transesophageal echocardiography for congenital cardiac anomalies; including probe placement, image acquisition, interpretation and report
93316 Transesophageal echocardiography for congenital cardiac anomalies; placement of transesophageal probe only
93317 Transesophageal echocardiography for congenital cardiac anomalies; image acquisition, interpretation and report only
93318 Echocardiography, transesophageal (TEE) for monitoring purposes, including probe placement, real time 2-dimensional image acquisition and
interpretation leading to ongoing (continuous) assessment of (dynamically changing) cardiac pumping function and to therapeutic measures on an
immediate time basis
93451 Right heart catheterization including measurement(s) of oxygen saturation and cardiac output, when performed
93452 Left heart catheterization including intraprocedural injection(s) for left ventriculography, imaging supervision and interpretation, when performed
93453 Combined right and left heart catheterization including intraprocedural injection(s) for left ventriculography, imaging supervision and interpretation, when performed
93454 Catheter placement in coronary artery(s) for coronary angiography, including intraprocedural injection(s) for coronary angiography, imaging supervision and interpretation
93455 Catheter placement in coronary artery(s) for coronary angiography, including intraprocedural injection(s) for coronary angiography, imaging
supervision and interpretation; with catheter placement(s) in bypass graft(s) (internal mammary, free arterial, venous grafts) including intraprocedural injection(s) for bypass graft angiography
93456 Catheter placement in coronary artery(s) for coronary angiography, including intraprocedural injection(s) for coronary angiography, imaging supervision and interpretation; with right heart catheterization
93457 Catheter placement in coronary artery(s) for coronary angiography, including intraprocedural injection(s) for coronary angiography, imaging supervision and interpretation; with catheter placement(s) in bypass graft(s) (internal mammary, free arterial, venous grafts) including intraprocedural injection(s) for bypass graft angiography and right heart catheterization
93458 Catheter placement in coronary artery(s) for coronary angiography, including intraprocedural injection(s) for coronary angiography, imaging supervision and interpretation; with left heart catheterization including intraprocedural injection(s) for left ventriculography, when performed
93459 Catheter placement in coronary artery(s) for coronary angiography, including intraprocedural injection(s) for coronary angiography, imaging
supervision and interpretation; with left heart catheterization including intraprocedural injection(s) for left ventriculography, when performed, catheter placement(s) in bypass graft(s) (internal mammary, free arterial, venous grafts) with bypass graft angiography
2017 Moderate Conscious Sedation Changes (continue reading below)
93460 Catheter placement in coronary artery(s) for coronary angiography, including intraprocedural injection(s) for coronary angiography, imaging supervision and interpretation; with right and left heart catheterization including intraprocedural injection(s) for left ventriculography, when performed
93461 Catheter placement in coronary artery(s) for coronary angiography, including intraprocedural injection(s) for coronary angiography, imaging supervision and interpretation; with right and left heart catheterization including intraprocedural injection(s) for left ventriculography, when performed, catheter placement(s) in bypass graft(s) (internal mammary, free arterial, venous grafts) with bypass graft angiography
93462 Left heart catheterization by transseptal puncture through intact septum or by transapical puncture (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
93463 Pharmacologic agent administration (eg, inhaled nitric oxide, intravenous infusion of nitroprusside, dobutamine, milrinone, or other agent) including assessing hemodynamic measurements before, during, after and repeat pharmacologic agent administration, when performed (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
93464 Physiologic exercise study (eg, bicycle or arm ergometry) including assessing hemodynamic measurements before and after (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
93505 Endomyocardial biopsy
93530 Right heart catheterization, for congenital cardiac anomalies
93561 Indicator dilution studies such as dye or thermodilution, including arterial and/or venous catheterization; with cardiac output measurement (separate procedure)
93562 Indicator dilution studies such as dye or thermodilution, including arterial and/or venous catheterization; subsequent measurement of cardiac output
93563 Injection procedure during cardiac catheterization including imaging supervision, interpretation, and report; for selective coronary angiography during congenital heart catheterization (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
93564 Injection procedure during cardiac catheterization including imaging supervision, interpretation, and report; for selective opacification of aortocoronary venous or arterial bypass graft(s) (eg, aortocoronary saphenous vein, free radial artery, or free mammary artery graft) to one or more coronary arteries and in situ arterial conduits (eg, internal mammary), whether native or used for bypass to one or more coronary arteries during congenital heart catheterization, when performed (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
93565 Injection procedure during cardiac catheterization including imaging supervision, interpretation, and report; for selective left ventricular or left atrial angiography (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
93566 Injection procedure during cardiac catheterization including imaging supervision, interpretation, and report; for selective right ventricular or right atrial angiography (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
93567 Injection procedure during cardiac catheterization including imaging supervision, interpretation, and report; for supravalvular aortography (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
93568 Injection procedure during cardiac catheterization including imaging supervision, interpretation, and report; for pulmonary angiography (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
93571 Intravascular Doppler velocity and/or pressure derived coronary flow reserve measurement (coronary vessel or graft) during coronary angiography including pharmacologically induced stress; initial vessel (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
93572 Intravascular Doppler velocity and/or pressure derived coronary flow reserve measurement (coronary vessel or graft) during coronary angiography including pharmacologically induced stress; each additional vessel (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
93582 Percutaneous transcatheter closure of patent ductus arteriosus
93583 Percutaneous transcatheter septal reduction therapy (eg, alcohol septal ablation) including temporary pacemaker insertion when performed
93609 Intraventricular and/or intra-atrial mapping of tachycardia site(s) with catheter manipulation to record from multiple sites to identify origin of tachycardia (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
93613 Intracardiac electrophysiologic 3-dimensional mapping (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
93615 Esophageal recording of atrial electrogram with or without ventricular electrogram(s)
93616 Esophageal recording of atrial electrogram with or without ventricular electrogram(s); with pacing
93618 Induction of arrhythmia by electrical pacing
93619 Comprehensive electrophysiologic evaluation with right atrial pacing and recording, right ventricular pacing and recording, His bundle recording, including insertion and repositioning of multiple electrode catheters, without induction or attempted induction of arrhythmia
93620 Comprehensive electrophysiologic evaluation including insertion and repositioning of multiple electrode catheters with induction or attempted induction of arrhythmia; with right atrial pacing and recording, right ventricular pacing and recording, His bundle recording
93621 Comprehensive electrophysiologic evaluation including insertion and repositioning of multiple electrode catheters with induction or attempted induction of arrhythmia; with left atrial pacing and recording from coronary sinus or left atrium (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
93622 Comprehensive electrophysiologic evaluation including insertion and repositioning of multiple electrode catheters with induction or attempted induction of arrhythmia; with left ventricular pacing and recording (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
93624 Electrophysiologic follow-up study with pacing and recording to test effectiveness of therapy, including induction or attempted induction of arrhythmia
2017 Moderate Conscious Sedation Changes (continue reading below)
93640 Electrophysiologic evaluation of single or dual chamber pacing cardioverter-defibrillator leads including defibrillation threshold evaluation (induction of arrhythmia, evaluation of sensing and pacing for arrhythmia termination) at time of initial implantation or replacement
93641 Electrophysiologic evaluation of single or dual chamber pacing cardioverter-defibrillator leads including defibrillation threshold evaluation (induction of arrhythmia, evaluation of sensing and pacing for arrhythmia termination) at time of initial implantation or replacement; with testing of single or dual chamber pacing cardioverter-defibrillator pulse generator
93642 Electrophysiologic evaluation of single or dual chamber transvenous pacing cardioverter-defibrillator (includes defibrillation threshold evaluation, induction of arrhythmia, evaluation of sensing and pacing for arrhythmia termination, and programming or reprogramming of sensing or therapeutic parameters)
93644 Electrophysiologic evaluation of subcutaneous implantable defibrillator (includes defibrillation threshold evaluation, induction of arrhythmia, evaluation of sensing for arrhythmia termination, and programming or reprogramming of sensing or therapeutic parameters)
93650 Intracardiac catheter ablation of atrioventricular node function, atrioventricular conduction for creation of complete heart block, with or without temporary pacemaker placement
93653 Comprehensive electrophysiologic evaluation including insertion and repositioning of multiple electrode catheters with induction or attempted induction of an arrhythmia with right atrial pacing and recording, right ventricular pacing and recording (when necessary), and His bundle recording (when necessary) with intracardiac catheter ablation of arrhythmogenic focus; with treatment of supraventricular tachycardia by ablation of fast or slow atrioventricular pathway, accessory atrioventricular connection, cavo-tricuspid isthmus or other single atrial focus or source of atrial re-entry
93654 Comprehensive electrophysiologic evaluation including insertion and repositioning of multiple electrode catheters with induction or attempted induction of an arrhythmia with right atrial pacing and recording, right ventricular pacing and recording (when necessary), and His bundle recording (when necessary) with intracardiac catheter ablation of arrhythmogenic focus; with treatment of ventricular tachycardia or focus of ventricular ectopy including intracardiac electrophysiologic 3D mapping, when performed, and left ventricular pacing and recording, when performed
93655 Intracardiac catheter ablation of a discrete mechanism of arrhythmia which is distinct from the primary ablated mechanism, including repeat diagnostic maneuvers, to treat a spontaneous or induced arrhythmia (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
93656 Comprehensive electrophysiologic evaluation including transseptal catheterizations, insertion and repositioning of multiple electrode catheters with induction or attempted induction of an arrhythmia including left or right atrial pacing/recording when necessary, right ventricular pacing/recording when necessary, and His bundle recording when necessary with intracardiac catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation by pulmonary vein isolation
93657 Additional linear or focal intracardiac catheter ablation of the left or right atrium for treatment of atrial fibrillation remaining after completion of pulmonary vein isolation (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure)
94011 Measurement of spirometric forced expiratory flows in an infant or child through 2 years of age
94012 Measurement of spirometric forced expiratory flows, before and after bronchodilator, in an infant or child through 2 years of age
94013 Measurement of lung volumes (ie, functional residual capacity [FRC], forced vital capacity [FVC], and expiratory reserve volume [ERV]) in an infant or child through 2 years of age
Reference: 2017 CPT Codebook. CPT is a Trademark and owned by the American Medical Association