GOHEALTHCARE SPECIALTY REVENUE CYCLE MANAGEMENT

Denial Management & Appeals for Sports Medicine

Q: What should A/R follow-up show for Sports Medicine?

Each material balance should have a reason, owner, next action and deadline. Repeated balances with the same cause should trigger upstream corrective action.

Denial Management & Appeals for Sports Medicine: specialty-specific payer workflows, reimbursement, denials, compliance, coding, A/R and revenue protection from GoHealthcare Practice Solutions.

Developed by GoHealthcare Practice Solutions
Expert Review: Pinky Maniri, MSc
CRCR, CSAPM, CSPPM, CSBI, CSPR, CSAF
Certified in Healthcare A.I. Governance
CEO & Founder

Request an RCM Assessment View Sports Medicine RCM

DENIAL MANAGEMENT & APPEALS

A denial is usually the visible end of an earlier defect. The fastest denial team is not necessarily the best denial team; the best team identifies why the claim failed, resolves the account correctly and prevents the same defect from recurring.

SPECIALTY CONTEXT

Sports medicine revenue runs across office evaluation, imaging, bracing, injections, rehabilitation and orthopedic surgery. The financial challenge is keeping an injury episode connected while the patient moves between settings and services.

REFERENCE YEAR

2026. Verify current payer policies, code sets, contracts, fee schedules, NCCI/MUE edits and jurisdiction-specific requirements.

Operational use: Built for physicians, executives, administrators, RCM leaders, prior authorization teams, coders, compliance professionals and specialty operations teams. The objective is compliant reimbursement performance, not aggressive billing.

DIRECT ANSWER

Denial Management & Appeals

Sports Medicine denial management and appeals should be managed from the final clinical service backward to the financial requirements that govern it. The practical test is whether eligibility, authorization, documentation, coding, claim data and payment expectations still agree when the service is ready to bill.

PRACTICAL RCM POINT

In Sports Medicine, the payer response is often where an earlier defect becomes visible. RCM leadership should identify the first failed handoff, resolve the account and then correct the upstream process.

SPECIALTY REALITY

Where Sports Medicine Denial Management And Appeals Breaks Down

In Sports Medicine, denial management and appeals problems rarely stay in one department. A scheduling assumption can become an authorization mismatch; an authorization mismatch can become a coding or claim defect; and a payment issue can sit in A/R unless the original cause is visible.

Specialty Revenue Challenge	Why It Matters	Operational Control
Imaging and therapy are authorized separately	The physician's plan may be clinically coherent while payer workflows fragment MRI, PT and surgery.	Create one injury episode tracker with separate authorization milestones.
Athlete expectations accelerate timelines	Patients often want rapid MRI, injection or surgery, but payer criteria may require conservative care or documentation first.	Use same-day benefit/authorization triage to avoid last-minute surprises.
Injection products have different coverage rules	Steroids, viscosupplementation, PRP and orthobiologics cannot be treated as one billing category.	Verify exact injectate/product, benefit and policy.
DME and bracing leak revenue	Product selection, L-codes, supplier status and documentation may not reach billing accurately.	Standardize DME intake, delivery and charge capture.
Surgery and postoperative rehab are disconnected	ACL, meniscus, shoulder, tendon and other surgery can be authorized while PT is not.	Build rehab authorization into surgical readiness.
Return-to-sport services may not be covered health benefits	Performance testing and conditioning can sit outside medical benefits.	Separate covered rehabilitation from self-pay performance services transparently.
Multiple injury sites create diagnosis/coding complexity	Sports injuries may involve several structures and laterality.	Require diagnosis and anatomy precision.
Seasonality and payer mix affect A/R	High patient volume can hide charge lag and denial accumulation.	Use weekly revenue dashboards during peak seasons.

Imaging and therapy are authorized separately

The physician's plan may be clinically coherent while payer workflows fragment MRI, PT and surgery. In a Sports Medicine revenue cycle, that problem rarely stays in one department. It can move from scheduling to authorization, from documentation to coding, from coding to claim edits, and then into A/R or an appeal. By the time the payer denies the claim, the original defect may be weeks or months old.

Create one injury episode tracker with separate authorization milestones. For Denial Management & Appeals, the control should be measurable. Leadership should be able to identify who owns it, which data proves it was completed, how exceptions are escalated and whether the same defect appears again in denial or underpayment data.

Athlete expectations accelerate timelines

Patients often want rapid MRI, injection or surgery, but payer criteria may require conservative care or documentation first. In a Sports Medicine revenue cycle, that problem rarely stays in one department. It can move from scheduling to authorization, from documentation to coding, from coding to claim edits, and then into A/R or an appeal. By the time the payer denies the claim, the original defect may be weeks or months old.

Use same-day benefit/authorization triage to avoid last-minute surprises. For Denial Management & Appeals, the control should be measurable. Leadership should be able to identify who owns it, which data proves it was completed, how exceptions are escalated and whether the same defect appears again in denial or underpayment data.

Injection products have different coverage rules

Steroids, viscosupplementation, PRP and orthobiologics cannot be treated as one billing category. In a Sports Medicine revenue cycle, that problem rarely stays in one department. It can move from scheduling to authorization, from documentation to coding, from coding to claim edits, and then into A/R or an appeal. By the time the payer denies the claim, the original defect may be weeks or months old.

Verify exact injectate/product, benefit and policy. For Denial Management & Appeals, the control should be measurable. Leadership should be able to identify who owns it, which data proves it was completed, how exceptions are escalated and whether the same defect appears again in denial or underpayment data.

DME and bracing leak revenue

Product selection, L-codes, supplier status and documentation may not reach billing accurately. In a Sports Medicine revenue cycle, that problem rarely stays in one department. It can move from scheduling to authorization, from documentation to coding, from coding to claim edits, and then into A/R or an appeal. By the time the payer denies the claim, the original defect may be weeks or months old.

Standardize DME intake, delivery and charge capture. For Denial Management & Appeals, the control should be measurable. Leadership should be able to identify who owns it, which data proves it was completed, how exceptions are escalated and whether the same defect appears again in denial or underpayment data.

Surgery and postoperative rehab are disconnected

ACL, meniscus, shoulder, tendon and other surgery can be authorized while PT is not. In a Sports Medicine revenue cycle, that problem rarely stays in one department. It can move from scheduling to authorization, from documentation to coding, from coding to claim edits, and then into A/R or an appeal. By the time the payer denies the claim, the original defect may be weeks or months old.

Build rehab authorization into surgical readiness. For Denial Management & Appeals, the control should be measurable. Leadership should be able to identify who owns it, which data proves it was completed, how exceptions are escalated and whether the same defect appears again in denial or underpayment data.

Return-to-sport services may not be covered health benefits

Performance testing and conditioning can sit outside medical benefits. In a Sports Medicine revenue cycle, that problem rarely stays in one department. It can move from scheduling to authorization, from documentation to coding, from coding to claim edits, and then into A/R or an appeal. By the time the payer denies the claim, the original defect may be weeks or months old.

Separate covered rehabilitation from self-pay performance services transparently. For Denial Management & Appeals, the control should be measurable. Leadership should be able to identify who owns it, which data proves it was completed, how exceptions are escalated and whether the same defect appears again in denial or underpayment data.

Multiple injury sites create diagnosis/coding complexity

Sports injuries may involve several structures and laterality. In a Sports Medicine revenue cycle, that problem rarely stays in one department. It can move from scheduling to authorization, from documentation to coding, from coding to claim edits, and then into A/R or an appeal. By the time the payer denies the claim, the original defect may be weeks or months old.

Require diagnosis and anatomy precision. For Denial Management & Appeals, the control should be measurable. Leadership should be able to identify who owns it, which data proves it was completed, how exceptions are escalated and whether the same defect appears again in denial or underpayment data.

Seasonality and payer mix affect A/R

High patient volume can hide charge lag and denial accumulation. In a Sports Medicine revenue cycle, that problem rarely stays in one department. It can move from scheduling to authorization, from documentation to coding, from coding to claim edits, and then into A/R or an appeal. By the time the payer denies the claim, the original defect may be weeks or months old.

Use weekly revenue dashboards during peak seasons. For Denial Management & Appeals, the control should be measurable. Leadership should be able to identify who owns it, which data proves it was completed, how exceptions are escalated and whether the same defect appears again in denial or underpayment data.

SERVICE LINE

High-Value Services and Revenue Exposure

Specialty Service / Revenue Category	Primary Revenue-Cycle Risk	Core Control
Sports injury E/M	Diagnosis specificity and imaging plan.	Before billing, reconcile the clinical service, authorization/benefit status, documentation, code family, units/modifiers where applicable, site of service and expected payer treatment.
MRI/CT/ultrasound	Advanced-imaging PA and diagnostic question.	Before billing, reconcile the clinical service, authorization/benefit status, documentation, code family, units/modifiers where applicable, site of service and expected payer treatment.
Joint/tendon injections	Product-specific coverage and coding.	Before billing, reconcile the clinical service, authorization/benefit status, documentation, code family, units/modifiers where applicable, site of service and expected payer treatment.
Viscosupplementation	Drug units, product code and payer policy.	Before billing, reconcile the clinical service, authorization/benefit status, documentation, code family, units/modifiers where applicable, site of service and expected payer treatment.
PRP/orthobiologics	Often noncovered/investigational; self-pay controls.	Before billing, reconcile the clinical service, authorization/benefit status, documentation, code family, units/modifiers where applicable, site of service and expected payer treatment.
DME/bracing	HCPCS/L-code and benefit workflow.	Before billing, reconcile the clinical service, authorization/benefit status, documentation, code family, units/modifiers where applicable, site of service and expected payer treatment.
PT/rehab	Visit authorization and measurable function.	Before billing, reconcile the clinical service, authorization/benefit status, documentation, code family, units/modifiers where applicable, site of service and expected payer treatment.
ACL/meniscus surgery	High-value authorization and postop rehab.	Before billing, reconcile the clinical service, authorization/benefit status, documentation, code family, units/modifiers where applicable, site of service and expected payer treatment.
Shoulder stabilization/rotator cuff	Surgical coding and global care.	Before billing, reconcile the clinical service, authorization/benefit status, documentation, code family, units/modifiers where applicable, site of service and expected payer treatment.
Return-to-sport testing	Coverage distinction from medically necessary therapy.	Before billing, reconcile the clinical service, authorization/benefit status, documentation, code family, units/modifiers where applicable, site of service and expected payer treatment.

Sports injury E/M

Diagnosis specificity and imaging plan. The denial management & appeals workflow should start before the claim. Verify the clinical service actually planned, benefit/authorization status, documentation requirements, code family, site of service and payer-specific payment treatment. Once the service is furnished, the final record must be reconciled back to what was scheduled and authorized.

MRI/CT/ultrasound

Advanced-imaging PA and diagnostic question. The denial management & appeals workflow should start before the claim. Verify the clinical service actually planned, benefit/authorization status, documentation requirements, code family, site of service and payer-specific payment treatment. Once the service is furnished, the final record must be reconciled back to what was scheduled and authorized.

Joint/tendon injections

Product-specific coverage and coding. The denial management & appeals workflow should start before the claim. Verify the clinical service actually planned, benefit/authorization status, documentation requirements, code family, site of service and payer-specific payment treatment. Once the service is furnished, the final record must be reconciled back to what was scheduled and authorized.

Viscosupplementation

Drug units, product code and payer policy. The denial management & appeals workflow should start before the claim. Verify the clinical service actually planned, benefit/authorization status, documentation requirements, code family, site of service and payer-specific payment treatment. Once the service is furnished, the final record must be reconciled back to what was scheduled and authorized.

PRP/orthobiologics

Often noncovered/investigational; self-pay controls. The denial management & appeals workflow should start before the claim. Verify the clinical service actually planned, benefit/authorization status, documentation requirements, code family, site of service and payer-specific payment treatment. Once the service is furnished, the final record must be reconciled back to what was scheduled and authorized.

DME/bracing

HCPCS/L-code and benefit workflow. The denial management & appeals workflow should start before the claim. Verify the clinical service actually planned, benefit/authorization status, documentation requirements, code family, site of service and payer-specific payment treatment. Once the service is furnished, the final record must be reconciled back to what was scheduled and authorized.

PT/rehab

Visit authorization and measurable function. The denial management & appeals workflow should start before the claim. Verify the clinical service actually planned, benefit/authorization status, documentation requirements, code family, site of service and payer-specific payment treatment. Once the service is furnished, the final record must be reconciled back to what was scheduled and authorized.

ACL/meniscus surgery

High-value authorization and postop rehab. The denial management & appeals workflow should start before the claim. Verify the clinical service actually planned, benefit/authorization status, documentation requirements, code family, site of service and payer-specific payment treatment. Once the service is furnished, the final record must be reconciled back to what was scheduled and authorized.

DENIAL TAXONOMY

Standard Denial Categories

Category	Examples
Eligibility/benefit	Inactive coverage, exclusion, COB.
Authorization	No auth, invalid scope, expired approval.
Medical necessity	Policy criteria not supported.
Coding/edit	NCCI, modifier, units, invalid code.
Provider/POS	Network, enrollment, site issue.
Payer processing	System or adjudication error.
Contract/payment	Incorrect allowed amount.
Timely filing/appeal	Deadline missed.

APPEAL QUALITY

What Makes an Appeal Defensible

Use the actual denial language, the controlling payer policy or contract provision, patient-specific documentation, exact dates/procedures and a clear requested remedy. A stronger appeal is not necessarily longer; it is better aligned to the issue.

REVENUE INTEGRITY

Where Revenue Is Won or Lost

For Sports Medicine, the financial result is created across connected decisions rather than at claim submission alone. Eligibility and benefits, authorization, the final record, coding, charge capture, claim routing, adjudication and follow-up all have to tell the same story.

A useful control identifies the first point where the Sports Medicine case stopped matching the payer, coding or payment requirement and fixes that point before the same defect repeats.

Control Point	What Must Be True
Patient access	Correct patient, payer, product, network and coordination-of-benefits information.
Authorization	The approval/benefit determination matches the actual service, provider, site, anatomy, units and dates where required.
Documentation	The medical record supports what was clinically performed and why.
Coding	Codes, modifiers and units accurately represent the documented work.
Claim	Correct entity, POS, payer route and required supporting data.
Payment	Remittance is compared with contract/fee schedule and expected allowed amount.
A/R	Every open balance has a reason, owner, next action and deadline.
Compliance	Unsupported payment is not pursued or retained.

DENIAL INTELLIGENCE

Denial Patterns That Deserve Root-Cause Review

Denial / Payment Failure	Typical Cause	Resolution Principle
MRI not authorized	Imaging ordered before payer criteria are met.	Identify the actual root cause first. Correct the workflow defect when possible; appeal only when the policy, contract and patient-specific record support an appeal.
Injection product denied	Wrong benefit/policy/product code.	Identify the actual root cause first. Correct the workflow defect when possible; appeal only when the policy, contract and patient-specific record support an appeal.
DME denial	Supplier/HCPCS/documentation issue.	Identify the actual root cause first. Correct the workflow defect when possible; appeal only when the policy, contract and patient-specific record support an appeal.
Therapy visit-limit denial	Extension not requested timely.	Identify the actual root cause first. Correct the workflow defect when possible; appeal only when the policy, contract and patient-specific record support an appeal.
Surgical denial	Failed care/imaging/functional documentation incomplete.	Identify the actual root cause first. Correct the workflow defect when possible; appeal only when the policy, contract and patient-specific record support an appeal.
Global-period denial	Post-op care not properly classified.	Identify the actual root cause first. Correct the workflow defect when possible; appeal only when the policy, contract and patient-specific record support an appeal.
PRP denial	Service is excluded/investigational under plan.	Identify the actual root cause first. Correct the workflow defect when possible; appeal only when the policy, contract and patient-specific record support an appeal.
Underpayment	Multiple-procedure or therapy methodology not validated.	Identify the actual root cause first. Correct the workflow defect when possible; appeal only when the policy, contract and patient-specific record support an appeal.

MRI not authorized

Resolve the denial according to the actual cause in the Sports Medicine account. A correctable claim defect, medical-necessity decision, authorization problem and contractual payment variance are different problems and should not share one appeal workflow.

When the same Sports Medicine denial pattern repeats, track it back to the upstream step that created it. Reworking the same category in A/R is not a durable control.

Injection product denied

Wrong benefit/policy/product code.

DME denial

Supplier/HCPCS/documentation issue.

Therapy visit-limit denial

Extension not requested timely.

Surgical denial

Failed care/imaging/functional documentation incomplete.

Global-period denial

Post-op care not properly classified.

PRP denial

Service is excluded/investigational under plan.

Underpayment

Multiple-procedure or therapy methodology not validated.

COMPLIANCE

Compliance and Revenue Integrity

Revenue integrity in Sports Medicine means capturing supported services accurately while stopping unsupported billing, incorrect patient responsibility and overpayments. Documentation and coding should reflect the care actually furnished; financial pressure should never create the clinical facts.

Do not characterize self-pay performance services as covered therapy when they are not.
Do not code PRP or regenerative treatments as covered injections to bypass policy.
Document DME delivery and medical necessity.
Apply global surgery rules to postoperative care.
Do not bill therapy time not actually furnished.
Use exact laterality/anatomy.
Audit same-day E/M/procedure claims.
Maintain compliance oversight for product/vendor relationships.

COMPLIANCE POINT

For Sports Medicine, a payment strategy is not defensible if it requires coding that is less accurate than the clinical record.

REIMBURSEMENT

Where Legitimate Reimbursement Is Lost

For Sports Medicine, reimbursement improves when the organization prevents avoidable defects, captures supported charges, reconciles actual payment to the governing methodology and resolves high-value balances before they age. The objective is accurate payment for documented care—not more billable lines.

Compliant reimbursement improvement in Sports Medicine means preventing avoidable denials, capturing supported charges, maintaining accurate documentation and coding, identifying payer underpayments and resolving high-value balances before the same defect repeats.

1. Use injury-episode tracking from first visit to return to activity.

2. Build same-day imaging/therapy benefit triage.

3. Create product-specific injection billing workflows.

4. Audit DME delivery-to-charge capture.

5. Authorize postoperative therapy before surgery.

6. Separate covered medical rehab from self-pay performance services.

7. Track payer authorization turnaround by sport injury pathway.

8. Use procedure-specific expected reimbursement.

9. Review high-volume same-day E/M/procedure coding.

10. Measure charge lag during seasonal volume surges.

KPI

KPIs Worth Watching

KPI	Management Use
Imaging PA turnaround	Order to decision.
Therapy authorization delay	Referral to first visit.
Injection denial rate	By product.
DME clean claim rate	By brace/orthotic.
Surgery cancellation	Authorization-driven.
Days in A/R	Office vs surgery.
Charge lag	Peak-season control.
Underpayment recovery	By payer/procedure.

Measure Sports Medicine performance by payer, location, provider and service family so the dashboard shows where the defect is occurring. Define each metric consistently before comparing trends or setting targets.

AUDIT

What to Audit First

Use a risk-based Sports Medicine audit sample rather than random claims. Prioritize high-value services, high-denial payers, recurring documentation or modifier issues, aged balances, unlisted-code use and large payment variances.

Audit Test 1

Take one high-value Sports Medicine account and trace it from scheduling through final payment. Identify the first point where the case, authorization, record, code set, claim or remittance stopped matching the expected result.

Audit Test 2

Audit Test 3

Audit Test 4

Audit Test 5

Audit Test 6

Audit Test 7

Audit Test 8

COMMON QUESTIONS

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the main revenue-cycle risk in Sports Medicine denial management and appeals?

What should be verified before a Sports Medicine claim is released?

How should Sports Medicine denials be worked?

How should documentation and coding be reconciled in Sports Medicine?

What should A/R follow-up show for Sports Medicine?

Each material Sports Medicine balance should have a reason, owner, next action and deadline. Repeated balances with the same cause should trigger upstream corrective action.

Which Sports Medicine RCM metrics are most useful?

RELATED RESOURCES

Related GoHealthcare Specialty RCM Pages

GoHealthcare Resource	How It Connects	URL
Revenue Cycle Management	Primary GoHealthcare RCM flagship page.	https://www.gohealthcarellc.com/revenue-cycle-management.html
RCM Services for Sports Medicine	Specialty RCM hub.	https://www.gohealthcarellc.com/rcm-services-sports-medicine.html
Full-Service RCM	Core managed RCM service.	https://www.gohealthcarellc.com/rcm-full-services.html
RCM Process	End-to-end operating workflow.	https://www.gohealthcarellc.com/revenue-cycle-management-process.html
Revenue Integrity	Revenue leakage, coding and compliance.	https://www.gohealthcarellc.com/revenue-integrity-msk-specialty-care.html
Prior Authorization Resource Center	Pre-service payer and medical-necessity operations.	https://www.gohealthcarellc.com/overview.html
Procedure Library	Procedure-specific clinical, coding and payer intelligence.	https://www.gohealthcarellc.com/procedure-library.html
Sports Medicine Specialty Guide	Clinical and specialty operations reference.	https://www.gohealthcarellc.com/sports-medicine-specialty-hub.html
Medical Billing Services	Related specialty RCM authority page.	https://www.gohealthcarellc.com/sports-medicine-medical-billing-services.html
Medical Coding & Documentation	Related specialty RCM authority page.	https://www.gohealthcarellc.com/sports-medicine-medical-coding-documentation.html
Prior Authorization & Revenue Protection	Related specialty RCM authority page.	https://www.gohealthcarellc.com/sports-medicine-prior-authorization-revenue-protection.html
Denial Management & Appeals	Related specialty RCM authority page.	https://www.gohealthcarellc.com/sports-medicine-denial-management-appeals.html
A/R & Underpayment Recovery	Related specialty RCM authority page.	https://www.gohealthcarellc.com/sports-medicine-accounts-receivable-underpayment-recovery.html
Revenue Integrity & Compliance	Related specialty RCM authority page.	https://www.gohealthcarellc.com/sports-medicine-revenue-integrity-compliance.html
Reimbursement Optimization & RCM KPIs	Related specialty RCM authority page.	https://www.gohealthcarellc.com/sports-medicine-reimbursement-optimization-rcm-kpis.html

REFERENCES

Authoritative References

Authority	Reference
Primary / Specialty Source	2026 Physician Fee Schedule https://www.cms.gov/newsroom/fact-sheets/calendar-year-cy-2026-medicare-physician-fee-schedule-final-rule-cms-1832-f
Primary / Specialty Source	2026 Therapy Services Updates https://www.cms.gov/medicare/coding-billing/therapy-services
Primary / Specialty Source	Clinical Practice Guidelines https://www.aaos.org/quality/quality-programs/clinical-practice-guidelines/
Primary / Specialty Source	General Compliance Program Guidance https://oig.hhs.gov/compliance/general-compliance-program-guidance/
Primary / Specialty Source	2026 NCCI Policy Manual https://www.cms.gov/medicare/coding-billing/national-correct-coding-initiative-ncci-edits/medicare-ncci-policy-manual
Primary / Specialty Source	CPT Licensing https://www.ama-assn.org/practice-management/cpt/cpt-licensing
Official Source	CMS MUE Program https://www.cms.gov/medicare/coding-billing/national-correct-coding-initiative-ncci-edits/medicare-ncci-medically-unlikely-edits-mues

Find the revenue-cycle defects before they become aged A/R.

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ABOUT THE EXPERT REVIEWER

Pinky Maniri, MSc

CRCR, CSAPM, CSPPM, CSBI, CSPR, CSAF
Certified in Healthcare A.I. Governance
CEO & Founder, GoHealthcare Practice Solutions

Pinky Maniri is a healthcare operations and financial management executive with approximately 30 years of experience in revenue cycle management, prior authorization, payment and reimbursement, physician and ambulatory practice operations, healthcare finance, business intelligence, and MSK specialty healthcare operations.

HFMA Certified Professional in:

Physician Practice Management
Ambulatory Practice Management
Revenue Cycle Management
Payment & Reimbursement
Accounting & Finance
Business Intelligence
Healthcare A.I. Governance

Editorial Review Scope

This resource was developed by GoHealthcare Practice Solutions and reviewed for healthcare operations, revenue cycle, reimbursement, and operational accuracy. Coverage, coding, medical necessity, utilization management, payer policy, and reimbursement requirements may vary by payer, plan, jurisdiction, setting, and date of service. Current authoritative sources should be reviewed before applying information to a specific patient, claim, or reimbursement determination.

Professional, Coding & Reimbursement Disclaimer

This material is for general professional, operational and educational purposes only and is not medical, legal, regulatory, coding, billing, reimbursement, financial, payer-specific or contractual advice. Coverage requirements, utilization-management criteria, code sets, NCCI/MUE edits, payment methodologies, fee schedules, payer policies and contracts change. Organizations must verify current official sources, applicable payer contracts, CMS/MAC guidance, state requirements and licensed code sets before making operational, coding or reimbursement decisions. No authorization, payment, reimbursement, financial result or compliance outcome is guaranteed.